How a Plate of Shrimp Changed American Judaism Forever

In July 1883, a lavish banquet in Cincinnati celebrating the first graduating class of Hebrew Union College set off a theological firestorm. The menu featured clams, shrimp, and frogs' legs in cream, directly violating traditional Jewish dietary laws. What was likely a catering oversight by wealthy lay leaders quickly transformed into a defining moment of ideological division.

Rather than apologizing, Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, the founder of the college, defended the event and dismissed traditional dietary laws as "kitchen Judaism." This defensive stance accelerated the formal split within American Judaism, pushing traditionalists to eventually establish the Jewish Theological Seminary and solidify Conservative Judaism.

Two years later, the Reform movement codified its beliefs in the 1885 Pittsburgh Platform, emphasizing universal ethics, social justice, and assimilation over ritual observance. The legacy of the "Trefa Banquet" remains a powerful symbol of the ongoing tension between tradition and modernity in American Jewish identity.

Key takeaways

• The 1883 Trefa Banquet was likely an unintentional catering error by lay leaders rather than a planned theological statement.
• Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise's defensive response to the banquet helped solidify the divide between Reform and traditionalist Jews.
• The term "kitchen Judaism" was used by reformers to demean traditional household rituals and dietary laws.
• The controversy spurred traditionalists to establish the Jewish Theological Seminary, laying the groundwork for Conservative Judaism.
• The 1885 Pittsburgh Platform formally defined Reform Judaism's focus on universal ethics and social justice over ritual laws.

Highlights

• 3:02 — The origin of the Trefa Banquet
• 8:07 — Why kashrut was abandoned early in Reform history
• 19:13 — The shocking menu served to the rabbis
• 28:42 — The concept and controversy of kitchen Judaism
• 44:12 — The impact of the 1885 Pittsburgh Platform
• 50:43 — The modern controversy of Trefa Banquet 2.0

00:00:00 Clams, Shrimp, and Highland House Chaos
00:04:38 The First American Ordained Rabbis
00:06:12 German Roots of Reform Judaism
00:11:36 Adapting Jewish Traditions for America
00:18:31 The Infamous Highland House Banquet Menu
00:21:35 Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise Defends the Menu
00:32:20 The Controversy of Kitchen Judaism
00:36:55 Debating Sunday Services and Assimilation
00:44:12 Legacy of the Pittsburgh Platform
00:50:33 Modern Echoes of Trefa Banquet Two

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Um<00:05:11.480> in<00:05:12.240> the<00:05:12.400> current<00:05:12.800> year,<00:05:13.200> 2026,<00:05:14.200> Hebrew<00:05:14.560> Union<00:05:14.880> College<00:05:15.440> is<00:05:15.960> the<00:05:16.320> largest<00:05:17.680> rabbinical<00:05:18.240> school<00:05:18.680> for<00:05:19.520> the

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reform<00:05:20.200> movement,<00:05:20.800> I<00:05:20.919> think,<00:05:21.320> in<00:05:21.480> the<00:05:21.600> world,<00:05:22.160> certainly<00:05:22.600> in<00:05:22.760> the<00:05:22.840> United<00:05:23.280> States,<00:05:23.720> and<00:05:23.840> it's<00:05:24.040> extremely<00:05:25.000> well-regarded<00:05:25.680> institution<00:05:26.560> that<00:05:26.720> was<00:05:26.880> founded<00:05:27.280> in<00:05:27.400> 1875,

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8<00:05:29.000> years<00:05:29.800> before<00:05:30.440> these<00:05:31.080> initial<00:05:31.520> rabbis<00:05:32.040> were<00:05:32.200> ordained.

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But<00:05:34.600> in<00:05:34.800> 1875,<00:05:36.120> and<00:05:36.400> as<00:05:36.640> was<00:05:36.760> also<00:05:37.000> true<00:05:37.200> in<00:05:37.320> 1883,<00:05:38.400> the<00:05:38.560> night<00:05:38.840> of<00:05:38.960> this<00:05:39.760> um<00:05:41.240> extremely<00:05:41.800> interesting

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banquet,<00:05:42.680> which<00:05:42.880> we'll<00:05:43.000> hear<00:05:43.200> a<00:05:43.280> little<00:05:43.480> bit<00:05:43.720> more<00:05:43.960> about<00:05:44.160> in<00:05:44.240> a<00:05:44.280> few<00:05:44.440> minutes,<00:05:46.160> it<00:05:46.360> wasn't<00:05:46.840> clear<00:05:47.840> if<00:05:48.040> Hebrew<00:05:48.320> Union<00:05:48.680> College<00:05:49.400> was<00:05:49.920> capital<00:05:50.640> R

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reform.<00:05:52.400> Mhm.<00:05:53.040> We've<00:05:53.600> we've<00:05:53.800> spoken<00:05:54.240> a<00:05:54.320> bit<00:05:54.680> about<00:05:55.880> um<00:05:56.200> the<00:05:56.360> evolution<00:05:57.400> and<00:05:57.560> the<00:05:57.680> beginnings<00:05:58.240> of<00:05:58.360> the<00:05:58.480> reform<00:05:58.920> movement.

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We<00:05:59.560> did<00:06:00.400> an<00:06:00.560> episode<00:06:01.200> a<00:06:01.240> few<00:06:01.880> seasons<00:06:02.320> ago<00:06:02.560> about<00:06:02.880> Moses<00:06:03.280> Mendelssohn<00:06:04.480> who<00:06:05.400> did<00:06:05.520> not<00:06:05.720> consider<00:06:06.080> himself<00:06:06.480> to<00:06:06.600> be<00:06:06.720> a<00:06:06.760> reform<00:06:07.160> Jew,<00:06:07.400> but<00:06:07.600> has

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been<00:06:08.120> claimed<00:06:08.840> by<00:06:09.120> the<00:06:09.280> reform<00:06:09.720> Jews<00:06:10.360> as<00:06:10.760> a<00:06:10.840> forebear<00:06:11.520> of<00:06:11.720> their<00:06:11.880> movement.

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Mhm.<00:06:13.360> The<00:06:13.440> reform<00:06:13.800> movement<00:06:14.160> as<00:06:14.360> we<00:06:14.480> know<00:06:14.680> it<00:06:14.880> today<00:06:16.600> really<00:06:17.600> originated<00:06:18.720> in<00:06:18.880> Germany<00:06:20.320> in<00:06:20.560> the<00:06:20.800> first<00:06:21.120> few

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decades<00:06:21.760> of<00:06:21.919> the<00:06:22.040> 19th<00:06:22.520> century.<00:06:23.520> What<00:06:23.760> the<00:06:23.880> reform<00:06:24.520> Jews<00:06:25.600> did<00:06:26.480> at<00:06:26.640> that<00:06:26.880> point<00:06:27.120> in<00:06:27.240> time<00:06:27.800> was<00:06:29.000> try<00:06:29.560> to

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make<00:06:30.240> themselves<00:06:30.880> more<00:06:31.160> similar<00:06:32.040> to<00:06:32.320> their<00:06:32.560> neighbors.

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This<00:06:34.520> is<00:06:35.120> in<00:06:35.320> the<00:06:35.480> wake<00:06:35.960> of<00:06:36.120> emancipation.

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Of<00:06:38.000> their<00:06:38.160> non-Jewish<00:06:38.919> German<00:06:39.320> neighbors.<00:06:40.160> Yeah.

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Their<00:06:40.640> non-Yes,<00:06:41.120> sorry.<00:06:41.440> As<00:06:41.640> we<00:06:41.720> talked<00:06:42.000> about<00:06:42.240> in<00:06:42.320> the<00:06:42.400> past<00:06:42.720> few<00:06:43.000> few<00:06:43.240> episodes,<00:06:43.760> there<00:06:43.919> was<00:06:44.120> never<00:06:44.440> really<00:06:44.760> a<00:06:44.880> formal<00:06:45.520> emancipation<00:06:46.320> of<00:06:46.480> Jews<00:06:47.640> in<00:06:47.760> the<00:06:47.840> United

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States<00:06:48.840> because<00:06:50.960> as<00:06:51.160> soon<00:06:51.480> as<00:06:51.680> the<00:06:51.800> United<00:06:52.200> States<00:06:52.520> was<00:06:52.800> founded,<00:06:53.280> Jews<00:06:53.800> were<00:06:55.000> quote-unquote<00:06:55.880> equal<00:06:56.200> citizens<00:06:57.160> with

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Mhm.<00:06:58.320> All<00:06:58.560> of<00:06:58.640> their<00:06:58.800> neighbors<00:06:59.280> of<00:06:59.400> various<00:07:00.120> religions.

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And<00:07:01.040> now<00:07:02.000> this<00:07:02.440> spirit<00:07:02.800> of<00:07:02.919> enlightenment<00:07:03.720> leading<00:07:04.080> to<00:07:04.280> the<00:07:04.440> emancipation<00:07:05.280> of<00:07:05.440> Jews<00:07:05.919> in<00:07:06.120> Europe<00:07:07.040> has<00:07:07.280> taken<00:07:07.680> hold<00:07:08.640> and<00:07:08.880> all

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of<00:07:09.200> a<00:07:09.240> sudden<00:07:10.840> German<00:07:12.040> Jews<00:07:13.480> are<00:07:13.680> in<00:07:13.840> fact<00:07:14.440> German<00:07:15.360> and<00:07:16.360> given<00:07:16.840> this<00:07:17.120> new

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freedom<00:07:18.360> and<00:07:18.520> the<00:07:18.640> ability<00:07:19.160> to<00:07:19.480> fully<00:07:19.919> participate<00:07:21.240> in<00:07:21.480> German<00:07:22.400> civil<00:07:22.880> life<00:07:23.200> for<00:07:23.360> the<00:07:23.440> first<00:07:23.800> time,<00:07:25.560> the

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Jews<00:07:26.200> wanted<00:07:26.640> to<00:07:26.760> be<00:07:27.000> more<00:07:27.400> like<00:07:27.680> their<00:07:27.880> neighbors.

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Mhm.<00:07:29.280> Yeah.<00:07:29.520> And<00:07:30.760> one<00:07:31.080> of<00:07:31.200> the<00:07:31.360> things<00:07:31.800> that<00:07:31.960> they<00:07:32.120> did<00:07:32.480> was<00:07:32.680> start<00:07:34.120> translating<00:07:35.080> some<00:07:35.280> of<00:07:35.400> their<00:07:35.560> liturgy<00:07:36.040> into<00:07:36.360> German,<00:07:37.919> having

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sermons<00:07:39.280> given<00:07:39.840> in<00:07:40.040> German,<00:07:40.560> which<00:07:40.760> was<00:07:41.360> incredibly<00:07:42.120> incredibly<00:07:42.600> controversial<00:07:43.240> as<00:07:43.360> crazy<00:07:43.680> as<00:07:43.800> that<00:07:44.000> seems<00:07:44.320> today.

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And<00:07:46.210> one<00:07:46.740> of<00:07:47.270> the<00:07:47.800> [clears<00:07:48.330> throat]<00:07:48.860> things<00:07:49.390> that<00:07:49.920> started<00:07:50.450> initially<00:07:50.980> being<00:07:51.510> abandoned<00:07:52.040> was<00:07:52.570> kashrut,<00:07:53.100> the<00:07:53.630> Jewish<00:07:54.160> dietary

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laws,<00:07:55.880> particularly<00:07:56.520> Jewish<00:07:56.800> dietary<00:07:57.280> restrictions.

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And<00:07:59.000> one<00:07:59.120> of<00:07:59.240> the<00:07:59.400> reasons<00:07:59.840> that<00:08:00.000> kashrut<00:08:00.640> was<00:08:01.080> abandoned<00:08:02.000> so<00:08:02.320> early,<00:08:02.760> even<00:08:03.080> before<00:08:04.480> the<00:08:06.480> head<00:08:06.800> honchos<00:08:07.520> of

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what<00:08:07.880> would<00:08:08.000> become<00:08:08.320> capital<00:08:08.760> R<00:08:08.880> Reform<00:08:09.240> Judaism<00:08:09.680> decided<00:08:10.400> what<00:08:10.560> their<00:08:10.720> theology<00:08:11.360> was<00:08:12.520> is<00:08:12.680> that<00:08:14.520> kashrut<00:08:15.320> and<00:08:15.480> dietary<00:08:16.040> differences

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creates<00:08:17.520> separation.<00:08:18.960> Yeah.

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And<00:08:19.480> these<00:08:19.800> people<00:08:20.200> wanted<00:08:21.200> barrier<00:08:21.760> to<00:08:22.440> to<00:08:23.080> I<00:08:23.120> don't<00:08:23.280> know,<00:08:23.680> being<00:08:24.600> a<00:08:24.720> member<00:08:25.200> of<00:08:25.400> society,<00:08:25.960> being<00:08:26.280> able<00:08:26.600> to<00:08:26.840> like<00:08:27.600> relate

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to<00:08:28.160> your<00:08:28.320> neighbors,<00:08:28.720> being<00:08:28.919> able<00:08:29.160> to<00:08:29.400> have<00:08:29.640> a<00:08:29.680> meal<00:08:30.080> with<00:08:30.240> them.

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Yes,<00:08:31.240> and<00:08:31.400> that's<00:08:31.680> exactly<00:08:32.159> what<00:08:32.280> these<00:08:32.440> people<00:08:32.680> wanted.

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They<00:08:33.039> wanted<00:08:33.360> to<00:08:33.400> be<00:08:33.479> able<00:08:33.640> to<00:08:33.719> sit<00:08:34.000> in<00:08:34.080> a<00:08:34.120> cafe<00:08:34.760> in<00:08:34.960> Hamburg<00:08:36.200> and<00:08:36.520> dine<00:08:37.760> with<00:08:38.520> their<00:08:38.719> new<00:08:38.919> co-citizens.

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And<00:08:40.640> all<00:08:40.880> of<00:08:40.960> a<00:08:41.000> sudden<00:08:41.320> they<00:08:41.440> were<00:08:41.560> given<00:08:41.800> the<00:08:41.880> opportunity<00:08:42.479> to<00:08:42.599> fit<00:08:42.800> in.

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And<00:08:44.160> they<00:08:44.360> wanted<00:08:45.280> they<00:08:45.480> wanted<00:08:45.960> it<00:08:46.160> hook,<00:08:46.440> line,<00:08:46.680> and<00:08:46.839> sinker.

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Mhm.<00:08:48.200> So,<00:08:48.960> kashrut<00:08:49.560> does<00:08:50.120> initially<00:08:50.800> fall<00:08:51.120> to<00:08:51.240> the<00:08:51.360> wayside<00:08:51.920> among<00:08:52.320> people<00:08:52.720> who<00:08:52.920> all<00:08:53.120> of<00:08:53.200> a<00:08:53.280> sudden<00:08:53.600> realize<00:08:54.160> that<00:08:54.839> maybe<00:08:55.400> we<00:08:55.640> can<00:08:55.920> be

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Jews<00:08:56.680> without<00:08:57.120> being<00:08:59.440> particularly<00:09:00.400> Jewy.

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Mhm.<00:09:02.720> And<00:09:03.001> [snorts]<00:09:03.480> instead<00:09:04.040> of<00:09:04.200> saying<00:09:04.680> that<00:09:05.080> we're<00:09:05.320> foregoing<00:09:06.120> religion<00:09:06.560> altogether,<00:09:08.000> we're<00:09:08.080> going<00:09:08.200> to<00:09:08.320> say<00:09:09.040> there<00:09:09.240> is<00:09:09.360> a<00:09:09.440> new<00:09:09.960> way

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to<00:09:10.560> practice<00:09:11.040> religion<00:09:11.520> in<00:09:11.680> the<00:09:11.760> modern<00:09:12.200> world.

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And<00:09:13.680> that<00:09:14.080> new<00:09:14.400> way<00:09:14.760> includes<00:09:16.080> services<00:09:16.640> in<00:09:16.760> German.

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Mhm.<00:09:18.000> Includes,<00:09:19.200> in<00:09:19.400> some<00:09:19.800> cases,<00:09:20.560> holding<00:09:20.960> our<00:09:21.080> services<00:09:21.560> on<00:09:21.760> Sundays<00:09:22.520> instead<00:09:22.880> of<00:09:22.960> Saturdays.

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You<00:09:24.280> are<00:09:24.600> permitted<00:09:25.040> to<00:09:25.120> be<00:09:25.240> part<00:09:25.520> of<00:09:25.640> society<00:09:26.200> as<00:09:26.560> Jews.

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We're<00:09:27.040> not<00:09:27.200> saying<00:09:27.520> you<00:09:27.680> need<00:09:28.000> to<00:09:28.080> become<00:09:28.480> Christian.

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But<00:09:30.960> it<00:09:31.560> works<00:09:31.880> better<00:09:32.280> if<00:09:32.600> you<00:09:32.839> do<00:09:33.080> it<00:09:33.320> on<00:09:33.560> like<00:09:33.760> similar<00:09:34.560> terms.

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So,<00:09:35.160> so<00:09:35.920> it<00:09:36.040> sounds<00:09:36.280> like<00:09:36.400> what<00:09:36.520> you're<00:09:36.640> describing<00:09:37.040> is<00:09:37.120> like<00:09:37.400> an<00:09:38.120> adapting<00:09:38.880> of<00:09:39.120> Judaism<00:09:40.000> to<00:09:40.120> say<00:09:40.280> we're<00:09:40.600> we're<00:09:40.720> still<00:09:41.000> keeping<00:09:41.320> some<00:09:41.560> practices,<00:09:42.160> but<00:09:42.280> we're<00:09:42.360> doing

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them<00:09:42.760> in<00:09:42.880> ways<00:09:43.160> that<00:09:43.280> allow<00:09:43.560> us<00:09:43.680> to<00:09:44.040> to<00:09:44.200> fit<00:09:44.520> in<00:09:45.000> better<00:09:45.360> to<00:09:45.600> this<00:09:45.800> society.

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And<00:09:47.960> the<00:09:48.200> evolution<00:09:49.600> of<00:09:49.760> Reform<00:09:50.120> Judaism<00:09:51.480> both<00:09:51.680> theoretically<00:09:52.800> and<00:09:52.960> on<00:09:53.120> an<00:09:53.240> organizational<00:09:54.480> level,<00:09:55.600> um

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that<00:09:55.960> happens<00:09:56.320> in<00:09:56.440> Germany<00:09:57.360> earlier<00:09:57.760> in<00:09:57.840> the<00:09:57.920> century,<00:09:59.080> moves<00:09:59.440> to<00:09:59.520> the<00:09:59.600> United<00:10:00.040> States,<00:10:01.160> particularly<00:10:02.520> in<00:10:02.720> the<00:10:02.920> in<00:10:03.040> the<00:10:03.160> 1840s,<00:10:04.400> many

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many<00:10:05.040> Reform<00:10:05.480> communities<00:10:05.960> spring<00:10:06.360> up<00:10:06.680> in<00:10:06.800> the<00:10:06.880> United<00:10:07.240> States.

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Um<00:10:09.040> and<00:10:09.200> I<00:10:09.280> would<00:10:09.480> say<00:10:09.800> that<00:10:10.920> Reform<00:10:11.600> Judaism<00:10:12.400> had<00:10:13.640> in<00:10:13.800> terms<00:10:14.360> of<00:10:16.040> religious<00:10:16.680> influence,

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cuz<00:10:17.840> in<00:10:18.000> numbers<00:10:18.960> Reform<00:10:19.480> Jews<00:10:19.880> still<00:10:21.000> are<00:10:21.160> the<00:10:21.280> vast<00:10:21.680> majority<00:10:22.360> of<00:10:22.560> people<00:10:22.920> who<00:10:23.560> affiliate<00:10:24.320> as<00:10:24.520> Jews<00:10:24.840> today<00:10:25.200> in<00:10:25.360> the<00:10:25.440> United<00:10:25.720> States.

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But<00:10:26.680> in<00:10:26.760> terms<00:10:27.040> of<00:10:27.400> religious<00:10:28.080> influence<00:10:28.600> in<00:10:28.760> changing<00:10:29.480> the<00:10:29.640> way<00:10:30.720> America<00:10:31.160> views<00:10:31.480> Judaism,<00:10:32.640> I<00:10:32.720> would<00:10:32.880> say<00:10:33.000> the<00:10:33.160> years<00:10:33.440> from<00:10:33.680> 1840<00:10:35.600> through

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just<00:10:36.400> before<00:10:36.760> World<00:10:37.040> War<00:10:37.240> I,<00:10:38.080> Reform<00:10:38.480> Judaism<00:10:38.920> has<00:10:39.080> a<00:10:39.160> huge<00:10:40.200> huge<00:10:40.640> influence.

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Um<00:10:43.480> and<00:10:45.600> you<00:10:45.640> know,<00:10:45.880> even<00:10:46.240> so<00:10:46.400> we're<00:10:46.480> talking<00:10:46.800> about<00:10:47.000> the<00:10:47.080> spirit<00:10:47.520> of<00:10:47.960> emancipation,<00:10:48.720> the<00:10:48.800> spirit<00:10:49.160> of<00:10:49.280> the<00:10:49.360> enlightenment.

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After<00:10:50.880> the<00:10:50.960> Civil<00:10:51.360> War,<00:10:51.720> we<00:10:51.880> have<00:10:52.040> a<00:10:52.080> different<00:10:52.839> kind<00:10:53.200> of<00:10:53.320> emancipation<00:10:54.280> and<00:10:54.400> a<00:10:54.480> different<00:10:55.120> kind<00:10:56.200> of<00:10:56.320> spirit<00:10:56.760> taking<00:10:57.120> hold<00:10:58.040> in<00:10:58.200> the<00:10:58.280> country<00:10:59.520> and

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all<00:11:01.880> there's<00:11:02.560> this<00:11:02.800> idea<00:11:03.240> and<00:11:03.360> it<00:11:03.520> started<00:11:04.720> it<00:11:04.839> started<00:11:05.560> during<00:11:05.800> the<00:11:05.839> revolution,<00:11:06.240> it<00:11:06.320> started<00:11:06.560> during<00:11:06.760> colonial<00:11:07.120> times<00:11:07.480> of<00:11:08.240> self-made<00:11:09.000> men.

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All<00:11:10.360> men<00:11:10.640> being<00:11:10.880> created<00:11:11.360> equal.<00:11:12.160> And<00:11:12.320> what<00:11:12.440> does<00:11:12.560> that<00:11:12.760> mean<00:11:13.000> and<00:11:13.120> how<00:11:13.240> does<00:11:13.440> it<00:11:13.520> play<00:11:13.760> out?

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But<00:11:16.040> Jews<00:11:16.760> are<00:11:16.960> building<00:11:17.680> on<00:11:18.160> this<00:11:18.520> theological<00:11:19.680> innovation<00:11:20.320> that's<00:11:20.520> taking<00:11:20.880> place<00:11:21.120> in<00:11:21.440> Germany.

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The<00:11:22.800> Jews<00:11:23.120> in<00:11:23.240> the<00:11:23.320> United<00:11:23.720> States<00:11:24.160> are<00:11:24.320> starting<00:11:24.960> to<00:11:25.720> live<00:11:26.080> this<00:11:27.040> themselves.

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The<00:11:28.480> first<00:11:29.160> innovation<00:11:30.120> here<00:11:30.360> is<00:11:30.880> they<00:11:31.000> start<00:11:31.320> with<00:11:31.560> family<00:11:32.120> seating<00:11:33.360> in<00:11:33.440> the<00:11:33.520> synagogue,<00:11:34.480> which<00:11:34.680> is<00:11:34.760> something<00:11:35.080> that<00:11:35.160> the<00:11:35.240> Protestants<00:11:35.920> do.

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They<00:11:36.560> start<00:11:36.840> giving<00:11:37.080> the<00:11:37.160> sermon<00:11:37.560> in<00:11:37.680> German.<00:11:39.240> Hugely<00:11:39.880> controversial.

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Some<00:11:42.080> of<00:11:42.200> the<00:11:42.920> congregations<00:11:43.680> bring<00:11:43.880> in<00:11:44.040> organ<00:11:45.000> into<00:11:46.160> their<00:11:46.360> synagogues.

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And<00:11:47.960> one<00:11:48.240> thing<00:11:48.640> that<00:11:48.920> as<00:11:49.120> these<00:11:49.360> new<00:11:49.480> synagogues<00:11:49.960> are<00:11:50.040> being<00:11:50.280> built<00:11:50.560> and<00:11:50.680> as<00:11:50.800> these<00:11:51.080> new<00:11:51.240> communities<00:11:52.240> are<00:11:52.360> being<00:11:52.600> formed,<00:11:53.000> which<00:11:54.640> um<00:11:54.920> actually<00:11:55.960> kind

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of<00:11:56.400> moves<00:11:56.840> with<00:11:57.040> the<00:11:57.480> manifest<00:11:58.040> destiny<00:11:58.520> of<00:11:58.600> the<00:11:58.680> United<00:11:59.000> States,<00:11:59.280> like

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in<00:12:02.000> the<00:12:02.080> Midwest<00:12:02.880> as<00:12:03.760> the<00:12:03.960> American<00:12:04.400> people<00:12:04.760> are<00:12:05.000> moving<00:12:05.360> west<00:12:05.720> and<00:12:05.840> building<00:12:06.200> new<00:12:06.360> cities,<00:12:07.560> those<00:12:08.000> cities<00:12:08.640> are<00:12:09.280> becoming<00:12:09.760> hotbeds<00:12:10.640> of

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Reform<00:12:11.120> Judaism.<00:12:12.360> Hm.

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And<00:12:13.240> when<00:12:13.400> they<00:12:13.560> build<00:12:13.960> these<00:12:14.720> new,<00:12:15.200> beautiful,<00:12:15.840> ornate<00:12:16.520> synagogues,<00:12:18.040> they<00:12:18.120> are<00:12:18.240> calling<00:12:18.640> them<00:12:18.840> temples.

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Hm.<00:12:20.640> And<00:12:20.800> they<00:12:20.880> call<00:12:21.160> them<00:12:21.320> temples<00:12:21.800> for<00:12:21.960> two<00:12:22.200> reasons.

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And<00:12:22.720> this<00:12:23.080> this<00:12:23.280> originates<00:12:23.800> in<00:12:23.880> Germany<00:12:24.200> as<00:12:24.320> well.

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One<00:12:26.080> matches<00:12:27.040> other.<00:12:27.800> Right.

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Synagogue<00:12:28.640> feels<00:12:29.040> very<00:12:30.120> I<00:12:30.160> don't<00:12:30.360> like<00:12:30.520> specifically<00:12:31.280> Jewish.

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Right.<00:12:32.320> Or<00:12:32.600> or<00:12:32.720> shul,<00:12:33.200> certainly.<00:12:33.640> Yeah.

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Like<00:12:34.120> feels<00:12:34.400> very<00:12:34.960> Jewish,<00:12:35.440> but<00:12:35.800> temple<00:12:36.200> is<00:12:36.360> like<00:12:37.040> that's<00:12:37.280> a<00:12:37.320> house<00:12:37.720> house<00:12:38.000> of<00:12:38.120> worship.

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They<00:12:39.080> started<00:12:40.280> to<00:12:40.720> call<00:12:40.920> their<00:12:41.080> shuls<00:12:41.400> temples<00:12:41.800> to<00:12:41.960> match<00:12:42.320> others,<00:12:43.160> but<00:12:43.480> also<00:12:43.960> on<00:12:44.120> a<00:12:44.160> theological<00:12:44.880> level<00:12:45.680> to<00:12:45.960> demonstrate<00:12:47.520> that

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there<00:12:48.480> is<00:12:48.600> no<00:12:48.760> longer<00:12:49.200> one<00:12:50.000> Jewish<00:12:50.440> temple<00:12:51.240> in<00:12:51.360> Jerusalem<00:12:51.960> that<00:12:52.120> they<00:12:52.240> are<00:12:52.400> longing<00:12:52.839> to<00:12:53.000> return<00:12:53.400> to.

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That<00:12:54.480> era<00:12:55.360> of<00:12:55.520> messianic<00:12:56.200> longing<00:12:56.720> is<00:12:56.960> over.

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Mhm.<00:12:58.320> And<00:12:58.520> so<00:12:58.960> we<00:12:59.120> can<00:12:59.360> have<00:12:59.760> the<00:13:00.000> Plum<00:13:00.360> Street<00:13:01.120> Temple<00:13:02.040> in<00:13:02.200> Cincinnati<00:13:03.760> because<00:13:04.000> we're<00:13:04.120> not<00:13:04.440> waiting<00:13:04.880> to<00:13:05.040> go<00:13:05.200> back<00:13:05.520> to<00:13:05.640> the<00:13:05.800> temple<00:13:07.000> on

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Mount<00:13:07.400> Moriah<00:13:08.160> in<00:13:08.320> Jerusalem.<00:13:09.200> All<00:13:09.320> right.

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And<00:13:10.720> that's<00:13:11.080> a<00:13:11.160> huge<00:13:12.320> theological<00:13:13.080> underpinning<00:13:14.120> as<00:13:14.520> often<00:13:14.839> gets<00:13:15.040> mentioned<00:13:15.600> today<00:13:16.000> when<00:13:16.160> we<00:13:16.240> talk<00:13:16.520> about<00:13:17.360> Zionism<00:13:17.960> and<00:13:18.040> the

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right<00:13:18.320> of<00:13:18.400> return<00:13:18.880> and<00:13:19.040> Jews<00:13:19.360> longing<00:13:19.760> to<00:13:19.880> return<00:13:20.440> to<00:13:21.040> the<00:13:21.200> Holy<00:13:21.520> Land<00:13:21.800> or<00:13:21.920> Judea,<00:13:23.360> we<00:13:23.520> talk<00:13:23.800> about<00:13:24.040> how<00:13:24.200> in<00:13:24.440> our<00:13:24.600> liturgy<00:13:25.760> there<00:13:26.040> is<00:13:26.760> the

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return<00:13:27.440> to<00:13:27.600> Zion,<00:13:28.760> the<00:13:29.000> return<00:13:29.520> to<00:13:29.720> certain<00:13:30.400> sacrifices<00:13:31.400> and<00:13:31.560> certain<00:13:32.120> worships<00:13:33.280> that<00:13:33.480> is<00:13:33.920> part<00:13:34.240> of<00:13:34.360> our<00:13:34.520> day-to-day<00:13:36.240> beseeching

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of<00:13:37.200> God.<00:13:38.360> And<00:13:38.520> here<00:13:39.040> the<00:13:39.160> Reform<00:13:39.560> Jews<00:13:39.800> are<00:13:39.920> saying,<00:13:41.200> "No."

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So,<00:13:41.800> I<00:13:41.840> assume<00:13:42.160> along<00:13:42.480> with<00:13:42.680> changing<00:13:43.120> the<00:13:44.240> names<00:13:44.640> of<00:13:44.720> their<00:13:44.880> house<00:13:45.200> of<00:13:45.320> worship,<00:13:45.760> that<00:13:45.920> there's<00:13:46.200> also<00:13:47.000> a<00:13:47.120> significant<00:13:47.920> change<00:13:48.280> in<00:13:48.360> the<00:13:48.480> liturgy.

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Cuz<00:13:49.200> there's<00:13:49.360> a<00:13:49.440> lot<00:13:49.840> if<00:13:50.040> you<00:13:50.280> are<00:13:50.520> taking<00:13:50.960> out,<00:13:51.920> you<00:13:52.000> know,<00:13:52.120> return<00:13:52.560> to<00:13:52.680> Zion,<00:13:53.120> there's<00:13:53.320> a<00:13:53.400> lot<00:13:53.680> you<00:13:53.760> got<00:13:53.880> to<00:13:53.960> take<00:13:54.200> out.

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There's<00:13:54.840> a<00:13:54.920> huge<00:13:55.400> change<00:13:55.680> to<00:13:55.800> the<00:13:55.880> liturgy<00:13:56.320> and<00:13:56.560> Rabbi<00:13:56.960> Isaac<00:13:57.320> Mayer<00:13:57.600> Wise,<00:13:58.080> who<00:13:58.240> is<00:13:58.360> the<00:13:58.480> one<00:13:58.680> who<00:13:58.840> founds<00:13:59.400> the<00:13:59.480> Hebrew<00:13:59.800> Union<00:14:00.040> College,<00:14:01.160> he<00:14:02.560> he<00:14:02.880> has

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a<00:14:03.200> goal<00:14:03.880> of<00:14:04.320> writing<00:14:05.400> a<00:14:06.200> siddur,<00:14:07.000> a<00:14:07.120> prayer<00:14:07.440> book,<00:14:08.280> that<00:14:08.480> will<00:14:08.600> be<00:14:08.960> for<00:14:09.280> all<00:14:09.560> American<00:14:10.120> Jews.

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And<00:14:11.360> at<00:14:11.480> this<00:14:11.720> point,<00:14:12.160> they<00:14:12.320> hadn't<00:14:12.960> separated<00:14:13.640> themselves<00:14:14.040> out<00:14:14.280> into<00:14:14.600> true<00:14:15.000> denominations.

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It<00:14:16.040> was<00:14:16.200> just<00:14:16.400> that<00:14:16.880> among<00:14:17.400> Jews,<00:14:18.360> there<00:14:18.600> were<00:14:18.960> lower<00:14:19.440> case<00:14:19.920> R<00:14:20.760> reformers,<00:14:22.040> people<00:14:22.360> trying<00:14:22.760> to<00:14:22.920> reform<00:14:23.360> Judaism<00:14:23.960> as

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a<00:14:24.160> whole.<00:14:25.040> They<00:14:25.120> weren't<00:14:25.600> advocating<00:14:26.360> for<00:14:26.520> a<00:14:26.600> schism.

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It's<00:14:27.960> just<00:14:28.200> that<00:14:28.840> we<00:14:29.000> are<00:14:29.120> American<00:14:29.720> Jews<00:14:30.839> and<00:14:31.080> as<00:14:31.280> Jews<00:14:31.560> living<00:14:31.800> in<00:14:31.880> America,<00:14:32.280> there<00:14:32.440> are<00:14:32.520> certain<00:14:32.839> reforms<00:14:34.040> that<00:14:34.240> we<00:14:34.360> think<00:14:34.600> should<00:14:34.839> be<00:14:35.000> made<00:14:35.600> to<00:14:35.720> the

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way<00:14:35.920> that<00:14:36.080> we<00:14:36.200> practice<00:14:36.640> Judaism.<00:14:37.360> We<00:14:37.440> talked<00:14:37.720> about<00:14:37.839> this<00:14:38.000> with<00:14:38.160> like<00:14:38.760> Caribbean<00:14:39.240> synagogues<00:14:39.760> having<00:14:40.000> a<00:14:40.080> sand<00:14:40.520> floor.

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Like<00:14:41.360> there<00:14:41.520> are<00:14:41.640> so<00:14:41.920> many<00:14:42.120> places<00:14:42.560> Jews<00:14:42.800> have<00:14:42.960> been<00:14:43.160> and<00:14:43.240> there<00:14:43.360> are<00:14:43.440> so<00:14:43.720> many<00:14:44.440> customs<00:14:45.040> and<00:14:45.240> changes<00:14:46.000> and<00:14:46.800> uh<00:14:46.880> well,<00:14:46.960> like<00:14:47.240> amendments<00:14:48.280> that<00:14:48.520> have<00:14:49.680> that

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have<00:14:49.920> like<00:14:50.080> taken<00:14:50.360> on<00:14:50.520> a<00:14:50.600> local<00:14:50.960> flavor.<00:14:52.080> Although<00:14:52.320> it<00:14:52.440> sounds<00:14:52.680> like<00:14:52.839> this<00:14:53.040> is<00:14:53.200> sort<00:14:53.520> of<00:14:54.200> rather<00:14:54.560> than<00:14:55.080> a<00:14:55.320> a<00:14:55.520> gradual<00:14:56.480> evolution<00:14:57.160> that<00:14:57.280> takes<00:14:57.520> place<00:14:57.720> over<00:14:57.920> time,

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this<00:14:58.920> is<00:14:59.080> like<00:14:59.520> a<00:14:59.920> very<00:15:00.320> quick<00:15:01.440> sort<00:15:01.640> of<00:15:01.760> planned<00:15:02.640> change.

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It<00:15:03.680> takes<00:15:03.960> place<00:15:04.200> over<00:15:04.360> a<00:15:04.440> couple<00:15:04.760> of<00:15:04.880> decades,<00:15:05.480> but<00:15:05.800> Isaac<00:15:06.080> Mayer<00:15:06.280> Wise<00:15:06.560> particularly<00:15:08.200> has<00:15:08.560> a<00:15:09.400> personal<00:15:10.080> mission<00:15:11.000> to<00:15:11.160> create<00:15:11.560> this

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unified<00:15:13.000> American<00:15:13.680> Jewish<00:15:14.080> community.

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He<00:15:15.270> writes<00:15:15.661> this<00:15:16.051> prayer<00:15:16.442> book<00:15:16.832> with<00:15:17.223> facing<00:15:17.613> pages,<00:15:18.004> one<00:15:18.394> page<00:15:18.785> in<00:15:19.175> German,<00:15:19.566> one<00:15:19.956> page<00:15:20.347> in<00:15:20.737> Hebrew<00:15:21.128> because<00:15:21.518> [clears<00:15:21.909> throat]<00:15:22.299> he<00:15:22.690> is<00:15:23.080> truly

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a<00:15:23.680> reformer.<00:15:24.480> He<00:15:24.600> is<00:15:24.760> not<00:15:25.360> an<00:15:25.520> abandoner.

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Unfortunately,<00:15:27.120> we<00:15:27.240> just<00:15:27.560> won't<00:15:27.680> have<00:15:27.800> time<00:15:28.000> to<00:15:28.080> talk<00:15:28.280> about<00:15:28.520> today<00:15:28.840> Rabbi<00:15:29.200> Einhorn,<00:15:30.280> who<00:15:30.480> was<00:15:31.160> a<00:15:31.280> much<00:15:31.560> more<00:15:31.840> radical<00:15:32.880> reformer.

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Rabbi<00:15:34.480> Isaac<00:15:34.760> Mayer<00:15:35.000> Wise<00:15:36.040> ultimately<00:15:36.560> comes<00:15:36.960> to<00:15:37.080> be<00:15:37.200> known<00:15:37.640> as<00:15:37.800> a<00:15:37.840> more<00:15:38.120> radical<00:15:38.520> reformer<00:15:39.080> as<00:15:39.280> time<00:15:39.520> goes<00:15:39.760> by<00:15:40.000> and<00:15:40.280> I'm<00:15:40.440> going<00:15:40.560> to<00:15:40.880> hop<00:15:41.160> to<00:15:41.280> that<00:15:41.440> in<00:15:41.480> a<00:15:41.560> second.

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But<00:15:42.640> Rabbi<00:15:42.920> Einhorn<00:15:43.440> siddur<00:15:44.080> that<00:15:44.280> he<00:15:44.520> writes<00:15:45.360> is<00:15:45.480> entirely<00:15:46.080> in<00:15:46.160> German.

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None<00:15:46.960> of<00:15:47.040> it<00:15:47.120> was<00:15:47.200> in<00:15:47.360> English?<00:15:47.880> But<00:15:48.040> the<00:15:48.160> Jews<00:15:48.480> didn't<00:15:48.840> speak<00:15:49.280> English.

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Okay.<00:15:50.400> I<00:15:50.560> think<00:15:50.960> as<00:15:51.200> time<00:15:51.520> went<00:15:51.800> on<00:15:52.520> And<00:15:52.600> there<00:15:52.720> wasn't<00:15:53.320> an<00:15:53.400> idea<00:15:53.640> of<00:15:53.960> Well,<00:15:54.560> those<00:15:54.880> people's<00:15:55.280> kids<00:15:55.640> are<00:15:55.720> going<00:15:55.840> to<00:15:55.920> be<00:15:56.040> speaking<00:15:56.480> English.

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Right.<00:15:57.287> As<00:15:57.653> time<00:15:58.020> goes<00:15:58.387> on,<00:15:58.753> their<00:15:59.120> documents<00:15:59.487> come<00:15:59.853> to<00:16:00.220> be<00:16:00.587> printed<00:16:00.953> in<00:16:01.320> English.

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the<00:16:11.240> United<00:16:11.800> States<00:16:12.360> from<00:16:12.920> the<00:16:13.480> 1810s<00:16:14.040> to<00:16:14.600> the<00:16:15.160> 1860s<00:16:15.720> is<00:16:16.280> dominated<00:16:16.840> by<00:16:17.400> German<00:16:17.960> Jews.

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It's<00:16:18.920> almost<00:16:19.240> entirely<00:16:19.960> German<00:16:20.240> Jews.<00:16:22.560> So,<00:16:22.800> Rabbi<00:16:23.040> Isaac<00:16:23.320> Mayer<00:16:23.560> Wise<00:16:23.800> has<00:16:24.080> this<00:16:24.560> desire<00:16:25.320> to<00:16:25.480> create<00:16:25.880> a<00:16:25.960> unified<00:16:27.720> American

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Congregations<00:16:38.760> that<00:16:39.480> is,<00:16:40.320> as<00:16:40.520> it<00:16:40.680> sounds,<00:16:41.360> a<00:16:42.120> an<00:16:42.280> umbrella<00:16:42.760> organization<00:16:43.640> for<00:16:44.600> synagogues<00:16:45.760> /

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schools<00:16:46.640> /<00:16:47.080> temples.<00:16:48.000> Right.

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Rabbi<00:17:01.240> Wise<00:17:01.640> wanted<00:17:02.000> it<00:17:02.120> to<00:17:02.240> be<00:17:02.480> for<00:17:02.800> everyone,<00:17:03.200> and<00:17:03.320> I<00:17:03.400> think<00:17:03.600> he<00:17:03.760> thought<00:17:04.120> over<00:17:04.360> time<00:17:04.839> everyone<00:17:05.439> would<00:17:05.640> come<00:17:05.959> to<00:17:06.120> this<00:17:07.040> middle<00:17:07.640> ground<00:17:08.319> of<00:17:08.480> a<00:17:08.600> lower<00:17:08.920> case<00:17:09.280> R

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So,<00:17:13.720> Hebrew<00:17:14.040> Union<00:17:14.319> College<00:17:14.720> was<00:17:14.839> not<00:17:15.120> founded<00:17:15.680> to<00:17:15.839> be<00:17:16.600> a<00:17:16.680> specific<00:17:17.280> denominational<00:17:18.880> rabbinical<00:17:19.280> school.

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Great.<00:18:32.120> Wonderful.<00:18:32.920> Great.<00:18:34.280> Cincinnati<00:18:35.480> was<00:18:35.760> a<00:18:35.840> growing<00:18:36.240> city.

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Eight<00:18:57.160> or<00:18:57.320> nine<00:18:57.640> courses<00:18:59.000> planned<00:18:59.400> by<00:18:59.680> these<00:19:00.000> lay<00:19:00.200> leaders<00:19:00.840> and<00:19:01.040> catered<00:19:01.720> by<00:19:02.120> a<00:19:02.240> Jew<00:19:02.600> named<00:19:02.920> Gus<00:19:03.240> Lindeman.

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Chaos<00:19:27.160> ensues.<00:19:28.560> Was<00:19:28.680> there<00:19:28.840> a<00:19:28.920> kosher<00:19:29.360> option<00:19:29.800> even<00:19:30.160> or<00:19:30.280> is<00:19:30.360> there<00:19:30.480> There<00:19:30.560> was.

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Well,<00:19:31.480> was<00:19:31.720> there<00:19:31.840> a<00:19:31.880> kosher<00:19:32.200> option?<00:19:32.480> Was<00:19:32.680> that<00:19:32.840> kosher?

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Was<00:19:33.760> Was<00:19:34.480> Was<00:19:34.720> that<00:19:34.960> kosher?<00:19:35.880> Does<00:19:36.240> kashrut<00:19:36.800> matter?

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All<00:19:37.960> of<00:19:38.080> a<00:19:38.160> sudden<00:19:39.600> these<00:19:40.160> huge<00:19:40.760> questions<00:19:41.760> erupt<00:19:42.600> both<00:19:42.840> in<00:19:43.000> the<00:19:43.120> moment<00:19:44.440> after<00:19:44.800> the<00:19:44.880> moment<00:19:46.040> and

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The<00:20:25.160> lavish<00:20:25.560> dinner<00:20:25.800> and<00:20:25.880> the<00:20:25.960> lavish<00:20:26.240> dinner<00:20:26.440> was<00:20:26.560> planned<00:20:26.840> by<00:20:26.960> the<00:20:27.080> lay<00:20:27.280> leaders<00:20:27.720> and<00:20:27.800> the<00:20:27.880> lay<00:20:28.040> leaders<00:20:28.880> who<00:20:29.040> were<00:20:29.160> these<00:20:29.360> like<00:20:29.560> gilded<00:20:29.960> age<00:20:30.240> business<00:20:30.560> people<00:20:30.880> in

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Cincinnati,<00:20:32.240> this<00:20:32.520> is<00:20:32.680> what<00:20:33.160> they<00:20:33.440> said<00:20:34.080> a<00:20:34.160> lavish<00:20:34.560> banquet<00:20:35.160> looks<00:20:35.400> like.

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Treif<00:20:39.200> meaning<00:20:40.680> non-kosher,<00:20:41.480> the<00:20:41.720> epitome<00:20:42.520> of<00:20:42.680> non-kosher.

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dietary<00:21:02.720> laws<00:21:02.960> of<00:21:03.040> Judaism.<00:21:03.960> That<00:21:04.200> is<00:21:04.320> not<00:21:04.600> what<00:21:04.720> happened<00:21:05.560> and<00:21:05.680> I<00:21:05.760> think<00:21:07.080> this<00:21:07.480> is<00:21:08.360> for<00:21:08.600> most<00:21:08.920> people<00:21:09.200> a<00:21:09.280> forgotten<00:21:09.760> episode<00:21:10.120> in<00:21:10.200> Jewish

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history,<00:21:10.800> but<00:21:11.200> the<00:21:11.320> people<00:21:11.640> who<00:21:11.800> do<00:21:12.000> know<00:21:12.160> what<00:21:12.280> it<00:21:12.440> is,<00:21:13.600> I<00:21:13.720> think<00:21:14.080> a<00:21:14.160> large<00:21:14.560> portion<00:21:14.920> of<00:21:15.040> them<00:21:15.240> think<00:21:15.640> that<00:21:15.800> this<00:21:15.960> was<00:21:16.120> intentional.

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Right.<00:21:18.120> I<00:21:18.160> think<00:21:18.480> before<00:21:18.840> I<00:21:18.880> started<00:21:19.240> doing<00:21:19.440> this<00:21:19.600> research,<00:21:20.080> I<00:21:20.240> thought<00:21:20.480> it<00:21:20.560> was<00:21:20.760> intentional.

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ceremony.<00:21:22.320> Like<00:21:22.640> they're<00:21:22.800> not

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the<00:21:28.280> same<00:21:28.560> event.<00:21:29.120> Yes<00:21:29.800> and<00:21:30.080> no.

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Mhm.<00:21:31.280> What<00:21:31.400> happens<00:21:31.720> in<00:21:31.840> the<00:21:32.000> aftermath<00:21:33.160> makes<00:21:33.680> it<00:21:34.280> unclear.

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Right.<00:21:35.560> I<00:21:35.600> assume<00:21:35.960> that<00:21:36.120> it's<00:21:36.280> there's<00:21:36.520> not<00:21:36.800> like<00:21:37.000> an<00:21:37.120> apology<00:21:37.760> and<00:21:37.920> retraction.

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That<00:21:38.960> there<00:21:39.400> that<00:21:39.480> like<00:21:39.880> a<00:21:39.960> few<00:21:40.320> things<00:21:40.680> happen.

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One<00:21:42.520> is<00:21:42.800> that<00:21:43.360> a<00:21:43.440> few<00:21:43.800> rabbis<00:21:44.280> actually<00:21:45.080> run<00:21:45.680> from<00:21:45.920> the<00:21:46.040> room<00:21:46.720> in<00:21:46.880> horror.

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Mhm.<00:21:48.120> A<00:21:48.200> few<00:21:48.560> rabbis<00:21:49.680> stay<00:21:50.680> and<00:21:50.880> don't<00:21:51.240> eat.

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And<00:21:53.200> a<00:21:53.280> few<00:21:53.520> rabbis<00:21:55.080> partake<00:21:56.360> happily.

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Which<00:21:57.680> is<00:21:57.840> probably<00:21:58.600> what<00:21:58.760> would<00:21:58.880> happen<00:21:59.200> if<00:21:59.320> something<00:21:59.600> like<00:21:59.800> this<00:21:59.960> happened<00:22:00.360> today.

00:22:01.160 --> 00:22:09.680
Mhm.<00:22:01.680> But<00:22:02.200> it's<00:22:02.480> Rabbi<00:22:02.800> Wise's<00:22:03.680> response<00:22:05.680> that<00:22:06.040> makes<00:22:06.560> this<00:22:06.920> the<00:22:07.000> historical<00:22:07.680> event<00:22:08.000> that<00:22:08.120> it<00:22:08.240> has<00:22:08.400> become.

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Because<00:22:10.400> what<00:22:10.640> he<00:22:10.800> could<00:22:11.080> have<00:22:11.280> done<00:22:12.280> was<00:22:12.640> immediately<00:22:13.440> said,<00:22:14.280> "This<00:22:14.680> was<00:22:15.000> a<00:22:15.480> terrible<00:22:16.320> error.

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We<00:22:17.640> are<00:22:17.800> so<00:22:18.120> sorry.<00:22:19.400> We<00:22:19.520> did<00:22:19.680> not<00:22:19.880> mean<00:22:20.040> to<00:22:20.240> offend<00:22:20.760> anyone.

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We<00:22:21.440> did<00:22:21.640> not<00:22:21.880> mean<00:22:22.080> to<00:22:22.240> take<00:22:23.240> a<00:22:23.320> specific<00:22:23.920> stance<00:22:25.280> on<00:22:25.920> dietary<00:22:26.480> laws.

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Mhm.<00:22:28.120> We<00:22:28.360> apologize.<00:22:30.000> This<00:22:30.160> was<00:22:30.320> a<00:22:30.400> caterer<00:22:30.960> error.

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This<00:22:32.080> was<00:22:32.280> a<00:22:32.360> planning<00:22:32.920> error.<00:22:33.840> Done."

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Mhm.<00:22:35.480> That<00:22:35.640> was<00:22:35.800> one<00:22:36.160> possibility.<00:22:36.920> That<00:22:37.160> didn't<00:22:37.400> happen.

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A<00:22:38.920> second<00:22:39.360> possibility<00:22:40.880> is<00:22:41.080> that<00:22:42.800> the<00:22:42.960> people,<00:22:43.560> the<00:22:43.720> lay<00:22:44.000> people<00:22:44.440> and<00:22:44.560> the<00:22:44.640> caterer<00:22:45.200> actually<00:22:45.760> thought<00:22:46.360> that<00:22:46.520> they<00:22:46.720> were<00:22:46.960> preparing

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a<00:22:47.680> kosher<00:22:49.000> meal.<00:22:49.960> And<00:22:50.160> that<00:22:50.600> the<00:22:50.880> only<00:22:51.320> thing<00:22:51.840> that<00:22:52.040> you<00:22:52.200> needed<00:22:53.160> Jewish<00:22:53.640> guy?

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The<00:22:54.560> caterer<00:22:54.920> was<00:22:55.160> Jewish.<00:22:56.680> And<00:22:57.000> the<00:22:57.080> people<00:22:57.320> who<00:22:57.440> planned<00:22:57.760> it<00:22:57.840> were<00:22:57.960> Jewish.

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And<00:22:58.840> I<00:22:59.400> And<00:23:00.800> one<00:23:01.040> theory<00:23:01.400> is<00:23:01.560> they<00:23:01.720> were<00:23:01.880> informed<00:23:02.440> by<00:23:02.640> Rabbi<00:23:02.920> Wise<00:23:03.480> or,<00:23:04.120> you<00:23:04.200> know,<00:23:04.680> the<00:23:04.760> administration<00:23:05.480> of<00:23:05.560> the<00:23:05.680> seminary<00:23:06.840> that

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by<00:23:07.920> the<00:23:08.040> way,<00:23:09.280> this<00:23:09.880> dinner<00:23:10.160> that<00:23:10.320> you're<00:23:10.400> making<00:23:10.720> for<00:23:10.880> us,<00:23:11.760> it<00:23:11.880> should<00:23:12.040> be<00:23:12.160> kosher.

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And<00:23:13.400> they<00:23:13.520> said,<00:23:13.760> "Cool.<00:23:14.720> We'll<00:23:14.840> make<00:23:15.040> it<00:23:15.160> kosher.

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We're<00:23:16.600> just<00:23:16.960> not<00:23:17.240> going<00:23:17.520> to<00:23:17.640> serve<00:23:17.880> pork.

00:23:18.800 --> 00:23:24.600
Mhm.<00:23:19.640> And<00:23:20.120> the<00:23:20.320> only<00:23:20.600> thing<00:23:20.840> that<00:23:21.000> we<00:23:21.160> need<00:23:21.560> to<00:23:21.680> make<00:23:21.880> a<00:23:21.920> meal<00:23:22.120> kosher<00:23:22.600> is<00:23:22.800> to<00:23:23.000> not<00:23:23.360> have<00:23:23.680> pork.

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Mhm.<00:23:25.320> And<00:23:25.560> one<00:23:25.720> of<00:23:25.840> the<00:23:26.000> reasons<00:23:26.480> why<00:23:26.640> people<00:23:27.000> think<00:23:27.520> this<00:23:28.080> is<00:23:28.280> the<00:23:28.360> most<00:23:28.640> likely<00:23:29.000> scenario<00:23:30.720> is<00:23:31.400> that<00:23:31.800> is<00:23:32.040> Is<00:23:32.080> that<00:23:32.200> they<00:23:32.360> didn't<00:23:32.800> serve

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pork.<00:23:33.720> Of<00:23:34.080> all<00:23:34.160> the<00:23:34.280> many<00:23:34.560> things<00:23:34.920> that<00:23:35.040> they<00:23:35.200> served,<00:23:35.800> like<00:23:36.880> They<00:23:37.000> didn't<00:23:37.360> serve<00:23:37.480> Oh,<00:23:37.520> by<00:23:37.680> the<00:23:37.760> way,<00:23:37.840> they<00:23:37.960> also<00:23:38.200> served<00:23:38.480> ice<00:23:38.680> cream,<00:23:38.920> I<00:23:39.000> should<00:23:39.240> note.

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So,<00:23:39.640> there<00:23:39.800> was<00:23:40.320> It<00:23:40.440> was<00:23:40.600> both<00:23:41.120> the<00:23:41.240> bivalves,<00:23:43.200> the<00:23:43.320> frogs'<00:23:43.760> legs,<00:23:44.880> the<00:23:45.000> frogs'<00:23:45.280> legs<00:23:45.480> in<00:23:45.600> cream,<00:23:46.240> and<00:23:46.400> then<00:23:46.560> the<00:23:46.720> ice<00:23:46.880> cream<00:23:47.200> and<00:23:47.480> cheese

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as<00:23:48.280> well.<00:23:48.680> Oh,<00:23:48.840> because<00:23:49.080> you're<00:23:49.200> saying<00:23:49.440> like<00:23:49.600> that<00:23:49.880> like<00:23:50.000> cuz<00:23:50.200> the<00:23:50.360> ice<00:23:50.560> cream<00:23:50.880> and<00:23:51.000> the<00:23:51.080> cheese<00:23:51.400> is<00:23:51.560> dairy.

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Dairy.<00:23:53.480> Interesting.<00:23:54.480> From<00:23:55.280> my<00:23:56.160> observance<00:23:56.960> of<00:23:57.160> kosher,<00:23:57.600> which<00:23:57.760> is<00:23:57.880> a<00:23:58.080> Orthodox<00:23:59.040> like<00:23:59.280> a<00:23:59.920> I<00:24:00.200> was<00:24:00.360> like,

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oh,<00:24:00.960> clams,<00:24:01.640> which<00:24:01.840> are<00:24:01.920> not<00:24:02.720> kosher.

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Do<00:24:03.800> they<00:24:03.960> count<00:24:04.280> like<00:24:04.520> would<00:24:04.720> they<00:24:04.880> if<00:24:05.160> they<00:24:05.520> if<00:24:05.720> you<00:24:05.880> were<00:24:06.040> counting<00:24:06.360> them<00:24:06.480> as<00:24:06.600> kosher,<00:24:06.920> would<00:24:07.120> they<00:24:07.200> count<00:24:07.560> as<00:24:07.800> meat<00:24:08.280> that<00:24:08.440> you<00:24:08.520> can't<00:24:08.840> mix<00:24:09.080> them<00:24:09.200> with<00:24:09.360> dairy?

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We<00:24:10.360> didn't<00:24:10.560> they<00:24:10.640> didn't<00:24:10.880> get<00:24:11.000> into<00:24:11.240> that.<00:24:11.680> But<00:24:11.760> they<00:24:11.880> did<00:24:12.120> not<00:24:12.400> serve<00:24:12.720> pork.

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There<00:24:13.600> was<00:24:13.880> this<00:24:14.120> sense<00:24:14.600> that<00:24:14.880> as<00:24:16.040> observance<00:24:16.720> or<00:24:16.880> lack<00:24:17.120> of<00:24:17.240> observance<00:24:17.800> was<00:24:18.080> changing<00:24:18.840> among<00:24:19.200> American<00:24:19.680> Jews<00:24:20.040> that<00:24:20.560> we're<00:24:20.720> making<00:24:21.080> a<00:24:21.160> kosher<00:24:21.560> meal,

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and<00:24:22.720> what<00:24:22.840> makes<00:24:23.080> our<00:24:23.160> kosher<00:24:23.480> our<00:24:23.640> meal<00:24:23.880> kosher<00:24:24.200> is<00:24:24.320> that<00:24:24.440> it<00:24:24.480> doesn't<00:24:24.760> have<00:24:24.920> pork.

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I<00:24:25.720> feel<00:24:25.920> like<00:24:26.120> I've<00:24:26.440> I've<00:24:26.640> come<00:24:26.800> across<00:24:27.120> that<00:24:27.320> or<00:24:27.400> encountered<00:24:27.800> that<00:24:27.960> like<00:24:28.160> people's<00:24:28.480> understanding<00:24:29.040> of<00:24:29.160> kosher<00:24:29.560> is<00:24:29.680> like<00:24:30.040> Okay,<00:24:30.080> no<00:24:30.640> and<00:24:31.320> you<00:24:31.400> know,<00:24:31.560> and<00:24:31.840> some<00:24:32.120> sort

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of<00:24:32.440> like<00:24:32.680> it<00:24:32.800> needs<00:24:33.040> to<00:24:33.120> be<00:24:33.200> overseen<00:24:33.880> or<00:24:34.000> blessed<00:24:34.520> by<00:24:34.680> a<00:24:34.760> rabbi,<00:24:35.360> something<00:24:35.760> like<00:24:35.960> that.

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Like<00:24:37.400> So,<00:24:37.760> I<00:24:37.840> want<00:24:38.080> you<00:24:38.160> to<00:24:38.280> keep<00:24:38.520> that<00:24:38.680> in<00:24:38.800> mind<00:24:39.040> for<00:24:39.160> a<00:24:39.200> little<00:24:39.400> bit<00:24:39.520> later.

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But<00:24:40.880> to<00:24:41.000> go<00:24:41.120> back<00:24:41.400> to<00:24:41.560> why<00:24:41.760> people<00:24:42.160> think<00:24:42.560> that<00:24:42.800> maybe<00:24:43.120> Gus<00:24:43.440> Lindeman<00:24:44.440> and<00:24:44.560> the<00:24:44.680> other<00:24:44.920> laymen<00:24:45.360> maybe<00:24:45.640> thought<00:24:46.080> this<00:24:46.320> was<00:24:46.560> a<00:24:46.640> kosher<00:24:47.320> meal<00:24:48.560> was<00:24:48.720> the

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fact<00:24:49.040> that<00:24:49.160> they<00:24:49.320> didn't<00:24:49.720> serve<00:24:50.000> pork<00:24:50.840> because,<00:24:51.600> and<00:24:52.120> I<00:24:52.320> had<00:24:52.480> never<00:24:52.720> heard<00:24:52.920> this<00:24:53.120> before.

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Apparently,<00:24:55.000> at<00:24:55.240> that<00:24:55.520> point<00:24:55.920> in<00:24:56.040> American<00:24:56.480> history,<00:24:57.320> Cincinnati<00:24:58.480> was<00:24:58.760> known<00:24:59.080> as<00:24:59.560> Porkopolis.

00:25:02.280 --> 00:25:07.200
It<00:25:02.520> was<00:25:02.760> apparently<00:25:03.640> a<00:25:03.800> huge<00:25:04.680> both<00:25:05.000> business<00:25:05.920> and<00:25:06.600> [mhm].

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consumption<00:25:08.160> center<00:25:09.000> for<00:25:09.440> pork.

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Like<00:25:10.800> it<00:25:11.040> was<00:25:11.360> a<00:25:11.480> so<00:25:11.960> so<00:25:12.120> the<00:25:12.720> omission<00:25:13.320> of<00:25:13.560> pork<00:25:13.880> from<00:25:14.040> the<00:25:14.120> menu<00:25:14.640> correct.

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Like<00:25:15.760> has<00:25:16.120> to<00:25:16.240> be<00:25:16.560> in<00:25:16.720> an<00:25:16.800> intense,<00:25:17.200> big,<00:25:17.480> intentional<00:25:18.080> statement.

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Right.<00:25:19.400> It's<00:25:19.600> like<00:25:19.880> this<00:25:20.080> is<00:25:20.200> a<00:25:20.240> city<00:25:20.800> where<00:25:21.000> everybody<00:25:21.400> eats<00:25:21.600> pork<00:25:22.280> all<00:25:22.480> the<00:25:22.640> time.

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We're,<00:25:23.600> we're<00:25:23.840> the<00:25:24.000> pork<00:25:24.720> capital.

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It<00:25:25.120> would<00:25:25.280> be<00:25:25.400> like<00:25:25.480> not<00:25:25.720> serving<00:25:27.200> cheese<00:25:28.600> in<00:25:28.800> Green<00:25:29.080> Bay,<00:25:29.240> Wisconsin.

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Like<00:25:30.960> we<00:25:31.120> didn't<00:25:31.640> serve<00:25:32.040> pork<00:25:33.040> for<00:25:33.320> a<00:25:33.440> reason,<00:25:34.040> because<00:25:34.400> otherwise<00:25:34.840> there<00:25:34.960> would<00:25:35.040> be<00:25:35.200> pork<00:25:35.520> everywhere.

00:25:36.560 --> 00:25:44.640
Right.<00:25:37.600> I<00:25:37.680> didn't<00:25:37.920> know<00:25:38.080> this<00:25:38.400> about<00:25:38.720> the<00:25:38.800> pork<00:25:39.040> industry<00:25:39.480> in<00:25:39.600> Cincinnati,<00:25:40.320> but<00:25:41.080> the<00:25:41.240> word<00:25:41.600> Porkopolis<00:25:42.640> specifically<00:25:43.440> came<00:25:43.720> up<00:25:44.080> in<00:25:44.200> a<00:25:44.240> bunch<00:25:44.560> of

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stuff<00:25:45.000> that<00:25:45.200> I<00:25:45.280> read.<00:25:46.240> So<00:25:46.920> that<00:25:47.280> is<00:25:47.440> why<00:25:47.640> there<00:25:47.800> are<00:25:47.960> a<00:25:48.000> lot<00:25:48.200> of<00:25:48.320> people<00:25:48.640> who<00:25:48.840> feel<00:25:49.680> that<00:25:50.200> the<00:25:50.320> caterer<00:25:51.000> was<00:25:51.200> advised<00:25:51.800> that<00:25:51.920> this<00:25:52.040> should<00:25:52.200> be<00:25:52.280> a<00:25:52.360> kosher<00:25:52.720> meal

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and<00:25:53.200> what<00:25:53.320> made<00:25:53.480> it<00:25:53.560> a<00:25:53.600> kosher<00:25:53.960> meal<00:25:54.280> was<00:25:54.600> the<00:25:54.760> omission<00:25:55.560> of<00:25:55.720> pork.

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Again,<00:25:57.560> something<00:25:58.080> very<00:25:58.680> easily<00:26:00.320> explainable<00:26:01.480> where<00:26:01.720> you<00:26:01.880> could,<00:26:02.160> Rabbi<00:26:02.400> Wise<00:26:02.760> could<00:26:03.000> say,<00:26:04.040> "I<00:26:04.200> apologize."

00:26:05.400 --> 00:26:13.920
I<00:26:05.560> wasn't<00:26:05.920> clear<00:26:06.160> enough.<00:26:07.360> There<00:26:07.600> is<00:26:07.720> more<00:26:08.080> to<00:26:08.800> Jewish<00:26:09.080> dietary<00:26:09.480> restrictions<00:26:10.040> than<00:26:10.160> the<00:26:10.280> omission<00:26:10.600> of<00:26:10.720> pork,<00:26:11.640> but<00:26:11.720> I<00:26:11.760> certainly<00:26:12.120> didn't<00:26:12.400> mean<00:26:12.560> to<00:26:12.720> offend<00:26:13.080> anyone.

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Let's<00:26:14.240> go."<00:26:15.040> That<00:26:15.280> didn't<00:26:15.480> happen<00:26:15.800> either.

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What<00:26:16.560> happened<00:26:16.920> was<00:26:17.880> Rabbi<00:26:18.240> Wise<00:26:18.600> got<00:26:18.840> very<00:26:19.120> defensive.

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At<00:26:21.240> first<00:26:21.960> he<00:26:22.160> maybe<00:26:22.520> was<00:26:22.720> slightly<00:26:23.120> apologetic,<00:26:24.960> but<00:26:25.600> he<00:26:25.840> later<00:26:26.240> went<00:26:26.520> on<00:26:27.600> to<00:26:27.840> say,<00:26:28.840> "By<00:26:29.080> the

00:26:29.280 --> 00:26:37.840
way,<00:26:30.040> you<00:26:30.160> know,<00:26:30.600> oysters<00:26:32.080> are,<00:26:32.680> are<00:26:32.840> vegetables<00:26:33.680> of<00:26:33.840> the<00:26:34.000> sea<00:26:35.320> and<00:26:35.920> therefore<00:26:36.720> not,<00:26:37.480> not

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kosher."<00:26:38.880> Apparently,<00:26:39.400> oyster<00:26:39.880> people<00:26:40.480> loved<00:26:41.560> oysters<00:26:42.880> back<00:26:43.160> then.

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Oysters<00:26:43.920> were<00:26:44.160> a<00:26:44.280> staple<00:26:45.160> of<00:26:45.280> the<00:26:45.440> Gilded<00:26:45.880> Age,<00:26:46.880> and<00:26:47.040> I<00:26:47.080> think<00:26:47.440> the<00:26:47.640> omission<00:26:48.160> of<00:26:48.360> oysters<00:26:49.400> would<00:26:49.600> have<00:26:49.840> been<00:26:50.120> just<00:26:50.480> as<00:26:50.640> big<00:26:50.840> of<00:26:50.920> a<00:26:51.000> statement<00:26:51.600> as

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the<00:26:51.960> omission<00:26:52.480> of<00:26:52.840> pork<00:26:53.760> because<00:26:54.520> apparent<00:26:55.920> [where<00:26:56.000> are<00:26:56.040> the<00:26:56.160> oysters?]

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Apparently,<00:26:57.720> at<00:26:57.960> the<00:26:58.080> time<00:26:58.920> they<00:26:59.080> believe<00:26:59.400> it<00:26:59.520> probably<00:26:59.960> has<00:27:00.200> changed,<00:27:00.800> because<00:27:01.320> first<00:27:01.520> of<00:27:01.600> all<00:27:01.680> because<00:27:01.920> of<00:27:02.040> demand,<00:27:02.520> but<00:27:02.680> also<00:27:03.000> because<00:27:03.840> of<00:27:04.680> environmental<00:27:05.320> changes

00:27:06.040 --> 00:27:14.440
but<00:27:06.160> apparently<00:27:07.280> the<00:27:08.200> bushels<00:27:09.080> of<00:27:09.960> oysters<00:27:10.600> that<00:27:10.800> were<00:27:10.920> being<00:27:11.760> taken<00:27:12.240> from<00:27:12.640> and<00:27:12.800> then<00:27:13.000> sold<00:27:14.240> from

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the<00:27:14.640> Chesapeake<00:27:15.200> Bay<00:27:15.600> area<00:27:16.600> were<00:27:16.760> in<00:27:16.960> the<00:27:17.120> billions<00:27:18.360> at<00:27:18.520> this<00:27:18.720> time.

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Literally<00:27:19.480> billions<00:27:20.480> of<00:27:21.040> bushels<00:27:22.120> of<00:27:22.280> oysters.

00:27:23.560 --> 00:27:31.840
So<00:27:24.280> there,<00:27:24.760> apparently,<00:27:25.400> Rabbi<00:27:25.680> Wise<00:27:26.600> got<00:27:26.960> to<00:27:27.080> a<00:27:27.120> point<00:27:27.400> where<00:27:27.480> he<00:27:27.600> was<00:27:27.720> like,<00:27:27.880> "You<00:27:27.960> know,<00:27:28.240> oysters<00:27:28.720> are<00:27:28.840> really<00:27:29.160> vegetables<00:27:30.040> of,"<00:27:30.600> and<00:27:30.840> I<00:27:30.920> don't<00:27:31.160> know<00:27:31.320> enough<00:27:31.560> about

00:27:31.840 --> 00:27:41.360
different<00:27:32.240> types<00:27:32.720> of<00:27:32.880> seafood.<00:27:34.080> I<00:27:34.200> just<00:27:34.560> know<00:27:34.840> that<00:27:35.960> the<00:27:36.120> majority<00:27:36.600> opinion<00:27:37.440> of<00:27:37.640> people<00:27:38.120> who<00:27:39.440> observe<00:27:40.320> Orthodox

00:27:41.360 --> 00:27:50.280
kosher<00:27:41.664> laws<00:27:41.969> is<00:27:42.273> that<00:27:42.577> you,<00:27:42.882> oysters<00:27:43.186> are<00:27:43.490> not<00:27:43.795> allowed,<00:27:44.099> but<00:27:44.403> it<00:27:44.708> appears<00:27:45.012> that<00:27:45.317> Rabbi<00:27:45.621> Wise<00:27:45.925> maybe<00:27:46.230> had<00:27:46.534> a<00:27:46.838> rationale<00:27:47.143> as<00:27:47.447> to<00:27:47.751> why<00:27:48.056> they<00:27:48.360> were.

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But<00:27:50.480> ultimately,<00:27:51.920> he<00:27:52.080> doesn't<00:27:52.440> apologize.

00:27:53.440 --> 00:27:58.400
But<00:27:53.520> it<00:27:53.600> wasn't<00:27:53.880> just<00:27:54.280> like<00:27:54.400> you<00:27:54.520> also<00:27:54.760> said<00:27:55.040> shrimp,<00:27:55.520> like<00:27:55.880> there<00:27:55.960> was.<00:27:56.240> There<00:27:56.320> was<00:27:56.440> shrimp<00:27:56.760> there,<00:27:56.920> there<00:27:57.040> was<00:27:57.200> clams.

00:27:58.400 --> 00:28:04.160
Yeah.<00:27:59.040> [um]<00:28:00.120> frog's<00:28:00.480> legs,<00:28:01.000> ice<00:28:01.160> cream,<00:28:01.560> cheese,<00:28:02.680> wine<00:28:03.000> pairings.

00:28:04.160 --> 00:28:12.520
Rabbi<00:28:04.520> Wise<00:28:05.560> was<00:28:05.800> one<00:28:05.960> of<00:28:06.080> the<00:28:06.160> people<00:28:06.560> who<00:28:06.760> realized<00:28:07.360> that<00:28:07.520> you<00:28:07.600> could<00:28:07.840> use<00:28:08.080> the<00:28:08.200> press<00:28:09.200> to<00:28:09.520> spread<00:28:09.880> ideas<00:28:10.480> very<00:28:10.720> quickly,<00:28:11.160> and<00:28:11.280> that<00:28:11.760> was<00:28:12.040> part<00:28:12.400> of

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what<00:28:12.640> made<00:28:12.800> him<00:28:12.920> successful,<00:28:13.560> and<00:28:13.680> he<00:28:13.840> had<00:28:14.400> two<00:28:14.600> publications:<00:28:15.400> one<00:28:15.560> in<00:28:15.680> English,<00:28:16.000> one<00:28:16.120> in<00:28:16.240> German.

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And<00:28:17.800> he<00:28:17.960> was<00:28:18.160> always<00:28:18.560> more<00:28:18.920> forthright<00:28:20.520> in<00:28:20.640> his<00:28:20.840> German<00:28:21.160> publication,<00:28:22.440> and<00:28:22.600> in<00:28:22.720> his<00:28:22.880> German<00:28:23.200> publication,<00:28:24.880> he<00:28:25.160> makes<00:28:25.520> it<00:28:25.640> seem

00:28:25.880 --> 00:28:30.360
like<00:28:26.080> the<00:28:26.160> people<00:28:26.400> making<00:28:26.640> a<00:28:26.720> big<00:28:26.920> deal<00:28:27.120> of<00:28:27.240> this<00:28:27.560> are<00:28:28.960> kind<00:28:29.200> of<00:28:29.320> provincial.

00:28:30.360 --> 00:28:38.640
Yeah.<00:28:31.280> [um]<00:28:32.200> and<00:28:32.360> this<00:28:32.480> isn't<00:28:32.720> a<00:28:32.760> big<00:28:32.920> deal,<00:28:33.800> and<00:28:34.680> that<00:28:35.240> goes<00:28:35.560> along<00:28:36.320> with<00:28:37.600> this<00:28:37.880> notion<00:28:38.440> of

00:28:38.640 --> 00:28:42.480
kitchen<00:28:39.320> Judaism.<00:28:40.720> Have<00:28:40.880> you<00:28:40.960> ever<00:28:41.120> heard<00:28:41.280> of<00:28:41.400> kitchen<00:28:41.760> Judaism?

00:28:42.480 --> 00:28:51.000
I<00:28:42.640> had<00:28:42.880> not.<00:28:43.840> This<00:28:44.040> is<00:28:44.280> something<00:28:44.640> that<00:28:44.800> I<00:28:44.880> read<00:28:45.280> about<00:28:45.720> Rabbi<00:28:45.960> Wise's<00:28:46.680> response<00:28:47.520> to<00:28:47.720> the<00:28:48.400> treif<00:28:48.800> banquet<00:28:50.040> mishigas<00:28:50.800> that

00:28:51.000 --> 00:28:59.960
followed.<00:28:52.760> In<00:28:52.880> responding<00:28:53.520> to<00:28:53.640> what<00:28:53.840> he<00:28:53.960> considered<00:28:54.560> the<00:28:54.720> real<00:28:55.040> issue,<00:28:55.640> he<00:28:55.880> soon<00:28:56.280> abandoned<00:28:56.920> all<00:28:57.160> talk<00:28:57.560> of<00:28:57.680> a<00:28:57.720> caterer's<00:28:58.400> oversight<00:28:59.760> and

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transformed<00:29:00.800> the<00:29:00.920> Highland<00:29:01.360> House<00:29:01.640> dinner<00:29:01.960> first<00:29:02.400> into<00:29:02.680> a<00:29:02.760> test<00:29:03.160> case<00:29:03.440> of<00:29:03.600> liberal<00:29:03.920> convictions<00:29:05.080> and<00:29:05.240> gradually<00:29:05.840> into<00:29:06.120> an<00:29:06.280> act<00:29:06.520> of<00:29:06.600> assertion<00:29:07.160> of<00:29:07.360> the<00:29:07.480> new<00:29:08.120> Judaism.

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Thus,<00:29:10.360> in<00:29:10.600> Die<00:29:10.920> Deborah,<00:29:11.560> which<00:29:11.720> is<00:29:11.840> his<00:29:12.080> German<00:29:12.680> publication,<00:29:14.320> of<00:29:14.480> November<00:29:14.880> 2nd,<00:29:15.280> 1883,<00:29:16.720> Wise<00:29:17.040> insisted<00:29:17.640> that

00:29:17.840 --> 00:29:26.200
further<00:29:18.240> explanations<00:29:19.000> of<00:29:19.120> the<00:29:19.240> treif<00:29:19.600> banquet<00:29:20.080> were<00:29:20.280> unnecessary<00:29:21.760> because<00:29:22.080> the<00:29:22.200> large<00:29:22.560> majority<00:29:23.080> of<00:29:23.200> American<00:29:23.600> Jews<00:29:23.880> were<00:29:24.040> indifferent<00:29:24.680> to<00:29:24.800> dietary<00:29:25.360> laws<00:29:26.080> and

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because<00:29:26.560> Orthodox<00:29:27.080> Jewish<00:29:27.440> customs<00:29:28.160> cheapened<00:29:28.960> Judaism<00:29:29.640> before<00:29:30.040> the<00:29:30.160> public.

00:29:31.320 --> 00:29:40.800
[mhm].<00:29:32.000> And<00:29:32.720> him<00:29:33.080> not<00:29:33.400> going<00:29:33.680> into<00:29:33.920> further<00:29:34.360> explanations<00:29:36.480> is<00:29:36.840> also<00:29:37.880> what<00:29:38.200> creates<00:29:39.240> uncertainty<00:29:40.120> here

00:29:40.800 --> 00:29:49.040
because<00:29:41.760> we<00:29:41.920> don't<00:29:42.440> have<00:29:43.640> a<00:29:43.760> ton<00:29:44.360> of<00:29:44.640> written<00:29:46.960> memorialization<00:29:48.080> of<00:29:48.240> how<00:29:48.400> he<00:29:48.520> felt<00:29:48.800> about

00:29:49.040 --> 00:29:53.280
this<00:29:49.280> or<00:29:49.400> what<00:29:49.560> happened<00:29:49.960> or<00:29:50.040> how<00:29:50.200> other<00:29:50.400> people<00:29:50.640> in<00:29:50.720> his<00:29:50.880> sphere<00:29:51.400> sphere<00:29:51.880> felt<00:29:52.120> about<00:29:52.400> this.

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And<00:29:53.440> we<00:29:53.600> don't<00:29:54.040> know<00:29:54.400> if<00:29:54.640> that<00:29:54.880> is<00:29:55.040> because<00:29:56.560> it<00:29:56.720> was<00:29:57.000> really<00:29:57.360> an<00:29:57.560> error,<00:29:58.480> and<00:29:58.680> therefore<00:29:59.040> they<00:29:59.160> didn't<00:29:59.400> feel,<00:29:59.800> they<00:29:59.960> felt<00:30:00.240> like<00:30:00.440> it<00:30:00.560> was<00:30:00.680> kind<00:30:00.880> of<00:30:01.000> fixed<00:30:01.360> already.

00:30:01.840 --> 00:30:05.360
It's<00:30:01.960> like,<00:30:02.520> yeah,<00:30:03.160> we<00:30:03.320> made<00:30:03.520> a<00:30:03.560> mistake,<00:30:04.120> let's<00:30:04.400> move<00:30:04.640> on.

00:30:05.360 --> 00:30:12.920
Or<00:30:05.720> if<00:30:05.880> it<00:30:06.000> was<00:30:06.120> because<00:30:06.800> if<00:30:06.920> the<00:30:07.040> error<00:30:07.360> was<00:30:07.520> made<00:30:07.920> by<00:30:08.120> the<00:30:09.120> very<00:30:09.440> wealthy<00:30:09.840> lay<00:30:10.080> leaders,<00:30:10.520> like<00:30:10.840> you<00:30:11.000> don't<00:30:11.120> want<00:30:11.280> to<00:30:11.400> sell<00:30:12.000> those<00:30:12.320> people<00:30:12.720> out.

00:30:12.920 --> 00:30:15.160
Those<00:30:13.160> are<00:30:13.480> like.<00:30:13.520> That's<00:30:13.680> true.<00:30:14.720> That's<00:30:14.920> true.

00:30:15.160 --> 00:30:19.000
I<00:30:15.280> didn't<00:30:15.520> see<00:30:15.720> that<00:30:15.920> mentioned<00:30:16.240> anywhere,<00:30:16.560> but<00:30:16.800> that's<00:30:17.080> a<00:30:17.120> very<00:30:17.400> good<00:30:17.640> point.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:23.720
But<00:30:19.240> also<00:30:19.600> because<00:30:20.560> we<00:30:20.680> don't<00:30:20.880> need<00:30:21.000> to<00:30:21.080> comment<00:30:21.520> on<00:30:21.640> it<00:30:21.720> because<00:30:22.240> no<00:30:22.440> one<00:30:22.600> cares.

00:30:23.720 --> 00:30:26.520
[mhm].<00:30:24.040> Like<00:30:24.240> the<00:30:24.360> people<00:30:24.640> who<00:30:24.800> ran<00:30:25.040> out<00:30:25.160> of<00:30:25.240> the<00:30:25.360> room<00:30:25.600> cared.

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They're<00:30:26.840> back<00:30:27.200> in<00:30:27.320> New<00:30:27.440> York.<00:30:27.920> They're<00:30:28.120> back<00:30:28.600> in<00:30:29.800> whatever<00:30:30.240> city<00:30:30.600> they<00:30:30.760> came<00:30:31.040> from.

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Which<00:30:32.080> you<00:30:32.160> said<00:30:32.360> he<00:30:32.440> like<00:30:32.640> really<00:30:32.840> knew<00:30:32.960> how<00:30:33.040> to<00:30:33.120> use<00:30:33.280> the<00:30:33.400> press.<00:30:33.640> Like<00:30:33.840> that's<00:30:34.080> a<00:30:34.160> great<00:30:35.200> political<00:30:36.240> move,<00:30:36.880> right?

00:30:37.200 --> 00:30:45.880
If<00:30:37.320> there,<00:30:37.600> if<00:30:37.760> there's<00:30:37.960> a<00:30:38.040> conversation<00:30:38.720> of<00:30:38.800> like<00:30:39.000> what<00:30:39.240> is<00:30:39.440> Judaism<00:30:39.880> and<00:30:39.960> what<00:30:40.080> does<00:30:40.200> it<00:30:40.320> represent,<00:30:41.880> then<00:30:42.160> the,<00:30:42.520> the<00:30:43.000> more<00:30:43.240> traditional<00:30:44.640> provincial<00:30:45.400> rabbis

00:30:45.880 --> 00:30:47.960
are,<00:30:46.120> are<00:30:46.240> complaining<00:30:46.640> about<00:30:46.800> the<00:30:46.920> menu<00:30:47.320> at<00:30:47.440> the<00:30:47.560> event.

00:30:47.960 --> 00:30:53.880
I<00:30:48.000> think<00:30:48.200> that's<00:30:48.360> such<00:30:48.520> a.<00:30:48.840> That's<00:30:49.080> like<00:30:49.320> a<00:30:49.400> great<00:30:49.800> way<00:30:50.200> for<00:30:50.400> Rabbi<00:30:50.600> Wise<00:30:50.920> to<00:30:51.040> frame<00:30:51.320> of<00:30:51.440> like,<00:30:51.960> "Let's<00:30:52.200> talk<00:30:52.440> about<00:30:52.680> what<00:30:52.840> Judaism<00:30:53.240> represents."

00:30:53.880 --> 00:31:02.160
Like,<00:30:54.600> these<00:30:54.840> people<00:30:55.120> want<00:30:55.360> to,<00:30:56.240> I<00:30:56.280> don't<00:30:56.400> know,<00:30:56.480> keep<00:30:56.720> debating<00:30:57.120> the<00:30:57.240> menu,<00:30:58.160> and<00:30:58.320> like<00:30:58.720> I'm,<00:30:59.160> I'm<00:30:59.360> talking<00:30:59.680> about<00:30:59.880> big<00:31:00.080> ideas<00:31:00.560> and<00:31:00.720> what<00:31:00.800> the<00:31:00.880> future<00:31:01.200> of<00:31:01.320> American<00:31:01.680> Judaism

00:31:02.160 --> 00:31:10.840
is.<00:31:02.760> And<00:31:03.000> those<00:31:03.320> big<00:31:03.600> ideas<00:31:04.400> will<00:31:04.640> get<00:31:04.920> elucidated<00:31:06.240> 2<00:31:06.600> years<00:31:07.040> later<00:31:07.600> in<00:31:07.840> 1885<00:31:08.960> in<00:31:09.080> what<00:31:09.200> is<00:31:09.320> known<00:31:09.520> as,<00:31:09.880> as<00:31:10.080> the<00:31:10.200> Pittsburgh

00:31:10.840 --> 00:31:20.040
platform,<00:31:12.040> which<00:31:12.240> is<00:31:12.600> a<00:31:12.720> hugely<00:31:13.600> important<00:31:14.400> statement<00:31:15.800> of<00:31:16.960> the<00:31:17.320> ideals<00:31:18.280> of<00:31:18.480> Reform<00:31:18.920> Judaism.

00:31:20.040 --> 00:31:25.680
[mhm].<00:31:21.400> Quickly<00:31:21.680> before<00:31:21.960> we<00:31:22.080> get<00:31:22.240> to<00:31:22.280> that,<00:31:22.480> I<00:31:22.560> want<00:31:22.800> to<00:31:22.880> talk<00:31:23.120> about<00:31:23.320> this<00:31:23.520> concept<00:31:24.040> of<00:31:24.200> kitchen<00:31:24.840> Judaism.

00:31:25.680 --> 00:31:30.360
Yeah.<00:31:26.400> Which<00:31:26.640> is<00:31:27.040> an<00:31:27.160> extremely<00:31:28.200> demeaning<00:31:29.240> saying,<00:31:29.920> I<00:31:30.040> think.

00:31:30.360 --> 00:31:34.360
It<00:31:30.480> both.<00:31:30.960> I<00:31:31.040> like<00:31:31.320> understand<00:31:32.040> what,<00:31:32.360> like<00:31:32.600> where,<00:31:32.880> where<00:31:33.120> I<00:31:33.160> might<00:31:33.320> be<00:31:33.400> going<00:31:33.680> with<00:31:33.800> it.

00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:40.800
It's<00:31:34.680> both,<00:31:35.840> it's<00:31:36.080> both<00:31:36.520> demeaning<00:31:37.280> to<00:31:38.720> people<00:31:39.000> who<00:31:39.120> are<00:31:39.240> strictly<00:31:39.680> observant.

00:31:40.800 --> 00:31:44.320
[mhm].<00:31:41.240> And<00:31:42.240> it's<00:31:42.480> also<00:31:42.800> misogynistic.

00:31:44.320 --> 00:31:52.640
Yes.<00:31:44.760> Like<00:31:44.960> it,<00:31:45.440> it,<00:31:45.680> it<00:31:45.840> makes<00:31:46.120> it<00:31:46.320> seem<00:31:46.680> like<00:31:47.400> the<00:31:47.560> Judaism<00:31:48.160> of<00:31:48.280> the<00:31:48.440> kitchen,<00:31:49.000> which<00:31:49.560> for<00:31:49.720> so<00:31:50.000> many<00:31:50.280> centuries<00:31:52.080> and<00:31:52.240> to<00:31:52.400> so

00:31:52.640 --> 00:32:01.560
many<00:31:52.840> people<00:31:53.120> is<00:31:53.280> so<00:31:53.520> holy,<00:31:54.640> so<00:31:54.800> many<00:31:55.000> centuries<00:31:55.360> sustains<00:31:55.880> us,<00:31:56.040> and<00:31:56.160> to<00:31:56.240> so<00:31:56.360> many<00:31:56.560> people<00:31:56.840> is<00:31:56.960> like<00:31:57.200> this<00:31:57.440> bedrock<00:31:57.880> of<00:31:58.000> Judaism,<00:31:58.600> of<00:31:59.160> the<00:31:59.320> women<00:31:59.720> of<00:31:59.880> the<00:32:00.000> house<00:32:00.960> preparing

00:32:01.560 --> 00:32:10.320
kosher<00:32:01.920> meals,<00:32:02.240> preparing<00:32:02.800> for<00:32:02.920> Shabbat,<00:32:03.440> lighting<00:32:03.800> the<00:32:03.920> Shabbat<00:32:04.320> candles,<00:32:05.080> teaching<00:32:05.480> their<00:32:05.640> children,<00:32:07.080> [um]<00:32:07.880> is<00:32:08.000> such<00:32:08.200> an<00:32:08.280> important<00:32:08.880> part<00:32:09.080> of<00:32:09.160> Judaism.

00:32:10.320 --> 00:32:13.360
Yeah.<00:32:10.440> It's<00:32:10.520> being<00:32:10.680> completely<00:32:11.400> demeaned<00:32:12.000> here.

00:32:13.360 --> 00:32:20.680
And<00:32:14.280> one<00:32:14.800> of<00:32:15.880> Wise's<00:32:17.120> followers,<00:32:18.840> [um]<00:32:19.880> a<00:32:20.240> Dr.

00:32:20.680 --> 00:32:30.400
Schreiber<00:32:21.440> in<00:32:21.720> Denver<00:32:22.400> wrote,<00:32:22.760> I<00:32:22.840> think<00:32:23.080> in<00:32:23.360> the<00:32:23.520> Denver<00:32:24.000> paper,<00:32:25.280> he<00:32:25.560> described<00:32:26.240> Wise's<00:32:26.640> critics<00:32:27.120> as<00:32:27.520> ignorant<00:32:28.360> fanatics<00:32:30.080> and

00:32:30.400 --> 00:32:38.720
as<00:32:30.640> a<00:32:30.720> fitting<00:32:31.520> occasion<00:32:32.520> to<00:32:32.760> relegate<00:32:33.520> kitchen<00:32:34.040> Judaism<00:32:35.080> to<00:32:35.280> the<00:32:35.520> antique<00:32:36.200> cabinet<00:32:36.920> where<00:32:37.120> it<00:32:37.280> belongs.

00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:47.360
[hm].<00:32:39.160> And<00:32:39.320> then<00:32:39.480> he<00:32:39.600> goes<00:32:39.880> on<00:32:40.040> to<00:32:40.200> say,<00:32:41.080> "The<00:32:41.280> humbug<00:32:42.480> of<00:32:42.640> the<00:32:42.720> dietary<00:32:43.240> laws<00:32:43.480> must<00:32:43.720> go,<00:32:44.560> for<00:32:44.760> they<00:32:44.920> promote<00:32:45.400> clannishness,<00:32:47.000> Jewish

00:32:47.360 --> 00:32:56.880
exclusiveness,<00:32:48.387> even<00:32:49.413> fanaticism,<00:32:50.440> and<00:32:51.467> they<00:32:52.493> make<00:32:53.520> Judaism,<00:32:54.547> "ridiculous,<00:32:55.573> Lilliputian,<00:32:56.600> and"

00:32:56.880 --> 00:33:04.840
demeaning."<00:32:58.120> [hm].<00:32:58.640> So,<00:32:59.240> how<00:32:59.680> many<00:33:00.040> words<00:33:00.760> can<00:33:01.080> you<00:33:01.320> use<00:33:02.400> to<00:33:02.640> make<00:33:02.960> something<00:33:03.400> small?

00:33:04.840 --> 00:33:11.760
Lilliputian.<00:33:06.520> And<00:33:06.680> he<00:33:06.800> says<00:33:07.040> specifically<00:33:07.520> promote<00:33:07.880> clannishness,<00:33:08.480> which<00:33:08.680> is<00:33:08.800> something<00:33:09.120> that<00:33:09.280> we<00:33:09.400> talked<00:33:09.640> about<00:33:09.800> at<00:33:09.880> the<00:33:09.920> beginning<00:33:10.240> of<00:33:10.320> episode,<00:33:10.760> how<00:33:10.920> Jews<00:33:11.400> really

00:33:11.760 --> 00:33:15.880
wanted<00:33:12.800> to<00:33:13.000> be<00:33:13.200> a<00:33:13.280> part<00:33:13.600> of<00:33:13.720> society<00:33:14.280> and<00:33:14.400> be<00:33:14.480> a<00:33:14.520> part<00:33:14.760> of<00:33:14.840> the<00:33:14.920> world<00:33:15.120> around<00:33:15.360> them.

00:33:15.880 --> 00:33:19.160
Obviously,<00:33:16.360> clannishness<00:33:17.880> goes<00:33:18.080> against<00:33:18.480> that.

00:33:19.160 --> 00:33:27.800
Yeah.<00:33:19.640> So,<00:33:19.880> this<00:33:20.120> is,<00:33:20.520> this<00:33:20.720> is<00:33:20.840> an<00:33:21.040> ethos<00:33:21.920> that's<00:33:22.200> taking<00:33:22.640> hold<00:33:23.120> among<00:33:23.440> the<00:33:23.600> reformers,<00:33:25.080> where<00:33:26.080> these<00:33:26.680> dietary<00:33:27.280> laws,

00:33:27.800 --> 00:33:32.080
restrictions,<00:33:29.360> household,<00:33:30.880> they<00:33:31.000> call<00:33:31.200> it<00:33:31.320> kitchen<00:33:31.640> Judaism.

00:33:32.080 --> 00:33:35.160
I<00:33:32.160> would<00:33:32.280> call<00:33:32.400> it<00:33:32.600> household<00:33:33.440> Judaism.<00:33:34.280> Yeah.

00:33:35.160 --> 00:33:38.280
is<00:33:35.480> really<00:33:35.800> not<00:33:36.040> important.<00:33:37.120> Yeah.

00:33:38.280 --> 00:33:44.920
And<00:33:38.520> that<00:33:38.680> Judaism<00:33:39.280> moves<00:33:40.160> specifically<00:33:40.800> to<00:33:40.960> the<00:33:41.040> synagogue,<00:33:41.720> or<00:33:42.040> to,<00:33:42.240> in<00:33:42.480> their<00:33:42.760> words,<00:33:43.080> the<00:33:43.200> temple.

00:33:44.920 --> 00:33:48.640
They<00:33:45.280> start<00:33:46.520> doing<00:33:46.920> their<00:33:47.080> candle<00:33:47.400> lighting<00:33:47.680> at<00:33:47.760> the<00:33:47.840> temple.

00:33:48.640 --> 00:33:51.840
[hm].<00:33:48.880> They<00:33:49.000> do<00:33:49.440> kiddush<00:33:50.400> at<00:33:50.560> the<00:33:50.680> temple.

00:33:51.840 --> 00:33:58.920
Things<00:33:52.480> that<00:33:53.040> were<00:33:53.320> part<00:33:53.880> of<00:33:54.880> being<00:33:55.280> Jewish<00:33:55.880> in<00:33:56.480> your<00:33:56.720> core,<00:33:57.280> in<00:33:57.440> your<00:33:57.720> home,<00:33:58.680> [hm].

00:33:58.920 --> 00:34:07.360
now<00:33:59.160> move<00:33:59.960> to<00:34:00.880> become<00:34:01.280> ceremonial<00:34:02.920> and<00:34:03.120> communal,<00:34:04.520> and<00:34:05.240> they're<00:34:05.440> part<00:34:05.960> of<00:34:06.760> this<00:34:07.080> once

00:34:07.360 --> 00:34:13.480
a<00:34:07.440> week<00:34:08.600> tradition<00:34:09.399> that<00:34:09.600> we<00:34:09.720> keep<00:34:10.280> in<00:34:10.399> the<00:34:10.480> same<00:34:10.919> way<00:34:11.080> that<00:34:11.320> all<00:34:11.440> of<00:34:11.560> our<00:34:11.639> Christian<00:34:12.040> friends<00:34:12.440> go<00:34:12.639> to<00:34:13.000> church.

00:34:13.480 --> 00:34:19.639
[mhm].<00:34:14.200> And<00:34:14.440> there's<00:34:14.639> nothing<00:34:15.120> about<00:34:15.520> us<00:34:15.720> at<00:34:15.919> home<00:34:16.679> or<00:34:16.879> on<00:34:17.000> the<00:34:17.080> street<00:34:17.600> that<00:34:17.760> makes<00:34:18.000> us<00:34:18.120> different<00:34:18.440> than<00:34:18.560> anybody<00:34:18.960> else.

00:34:19.639 --> 00:34:23.320
Interesting.<00:34:20.480> I<00:34:20.560> have,<00:34:21.080> [uh],<00:34:21.120> like<00:34:21.320> a<00:34:21.360> couple<00:34:21.639> of<00:34:21.720> thoughts<00:34:22.080> on<00:34:22.200> this<00:34:22.360> kitchen<00:34:22.679> Judaism.

00:34:23.320 --> 00:34:28.840
I,<00:34:23.600> first<00:34:23.840> of<00:34:23.960> all,<00:34:24.159> it's<00:34:24.320> very,<00:34:24.560> like<00:34:24.760> I<00:34:24.800> think<00:34:25.040> it's<00:34:25.200> a<00:34:25.240> very<00:34:25.440> demeaning<00:34:26.000> way<00:34:26.440> of,<00:34:26.639> like<00:34:26.879> putting<00:34:27.320> a<00:34:27.399> certain<00:34:27.960> observance.

00:34:28.840 --> 00:34:37.600
It<00:34:28.960> reminded<00:34:29.520> me<00:34:29.800> of<00:34:30.879> we<00:34:31.040> talked<00:34:31.240> about<00:34:31.480> the<00:34:31.639> crypto<00:34:32.000> Jews<00:34:32.560> of<00:34:32.760> Portugal,<00:34:33.520> people<00:34:33.919> who,<00:34:34.560> who<00:34:35.040> converted<00:34:36.320> in<00:34:36.560> name<00:34:37.320> to

00:34:37.600 --> 00:34:46.080
Catholicism<00:34:38.320> but<00:34:38.520> kept<00:34:38.840> Jewish<00:34:39.120> practices<00:34:40.200> in<00:34:40.399> secret,<00:34:41.520> [um]<00:34:42.040> and<00:34:42.879> like<00:34:43.200> with<00:34:43.399> the<00:34:43.520> threat<00:34:43.879> of<00:34:44.000> danger<00:34:44.440> for,<00:34:44.720> for<00:34:44.960> many,<00:34:45.440> many,<00:34:45.760> many

00:34:46.080 --> 00:34:54.720
generations,<00:34:47.280> [um]<00:34:48.080> and<00:34:48.164> [snorts]<00:34:48.280> one<00:34:48.480> of<00:34:48.600> the<00:34:48.720> details<00:34:49.360> there<00:34:49.600> in<00:34:49.679> that<00:34:49.840> story<00:34:50.120> was<00:34:50.480> this,<00:34:50.720> like<00:34:51.040> very<00:34:51.560> elaborate<00:34:52.240> process<00:34:52.679> to<00:34:52.800> create<00:34:53.240> this<00:34:53.480> dish<00:34:53.919> that<00:34:54.240> looked

00:34:54.720 --> 00:35:00.080
like<00:34:55.040> pork<00:34:55.600> so<00:34:55.760> that<00:34:55.960> their<00:34:56.080> neighbors<00:34:56.480> would<00:34:56.639> not<00:34:56.919> suspect<00:34:57.480> them,<00:34:58.000> but<00:34:58.280> was<00:34:58.480> not<00:34:58.920> made<00:34:59.160> of<00:34:59.320> pork.

00:35:00.080 --> 00:35:08.280
You<00:35:00.120> know,<00:35:00.440> and<00:35:00.640> I<00:35:01.080> like,<00:35:01.680> and<00:35:01.800> I<00:35:01.880> see,<00:35:03.360> but<00:35:03.440> like<00:35:03.600> I<00:35:03.680> see,<00:35:04.000> I<00:35:04.080> think<00:35:04.320> both<00:35:04.600> sides<00:35:04.880> of<00:35:04.960> this,<00:35:05.200> like<00:35:05.400> this<00:35:05.600> is<00:35:05.800> what<00:35:06.680> Judaism<00:35:07.240> is,<00:35:07.680> this<00:35:07.920> is<00:35:08.080> what

00:35:08.280 --> 00:35:15.400
Jewish<00:35:08.560> religious<00:35:08.920> practice<00:35:09.320> is,<00:35:09.560> we<00:35:09.680> are<00:35:09.800> keeping<00:35:10.120> this<00:35:10.280> alive,<00:35:10.880> you<00:35:10.960> know,<00:35:11.080> for<00:35:11.280> many,<00:35:11.560> many<00:35:11.840> years,<00:35:12.120> and<00:35:12.200> this<00:35:12.400> isn't<00:35:12.760> some<00:35:12.920> small<00:35:13.280> thing<00:35:13.560> that's,<00:35:13.800> like<00:35:14.040> isolated<00:35:15.240> to

00:35:15.400 --> 00:35:21.640
the<00:35:15.520> kitchen.<00:35:16.600> I,<00:35:16.960> I<00:35:17.160> do<00:35:17.480> hear<00:35:18.000> the<00:35:18.160> other<00:35:18.760> argument<00:35:19.480> of,<00:35:19.600> just<00:35:19.840> like<00:35:20.200> that's<00:35:20.520> not<00:35:20.720> where<00:35:20.840> we<00:35:20.960> are<00:35:21.120> anymore.

00:35:21.640 --> 00:35:30.040
That's<00:35:21.880> not<00:35:22.200> what,<00:35:22.600> what,<00:35:22.720> like<00:35:22.880> passing<00:35:23.240> Jewish<00:35:23.480> practice<00:35:23.840> on<00:35:24.000> could<00:35:24.160> be,<00:35:24.440> like<00:35:24.720> let's<00:35:25.120> think<00:35:26.160> in<00:35:26.280> a<00:35:26.320> big<00:35:26.520> way<00:35:26.720> about,<00:35:26.960> like<00:35:27.160> what<00:35:27.400> Judaism<00:35:28.440> could<00:35:28.640> be<00:35:28.880> and<00:35:29.120> is,<00:35:29.480> and,<00:35:29.760> and

00:35:30.040 --> 00:35:39.000
should<00:35:30.320> be<00:35:30.480> passed<00:35:30.840> on,<00:35:31.120> and<00:35:32.049> [snorts]<00:35:32.160> and<00:35:32.400> like<00:35:32.920> we<00:35:33.080> don't<00:35:33.320> need<00:35:33.640> to<00:35:33.920> think<00:35:34.280> in<00:35:34.400> those<00:35:34.640> terms<00:35:35.000> anymore,<00:35:35.360> but<00:35:35.520> like<00:35:35.800> we,<00:35:36.080> we<00:35:36.200> can<00:35:36.360> think<00:35:37.720> in<00:35:37.960> Jewishness<00:35:38.560> beyond

00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:42.880
the<00:35:39.160> kitchen,<00:35:39.720> which<00:35:39.960> there's<00:35:40.200> something<00:35:40.640> very<00:35:40.920> appealing<00:35:41.600> about<00:35:41.880> that.

00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:51.360
One<00:35:43.200> of<00:35:43.360> the<00:35:43.520> things<00:35:44.360> that<00:35:44.560> happened<00:35:45.200> that<00:35:45.360> transpires<00:35:46.320> in<00:35:46.480> the<00:35:46.600> immediate<00:35:47.120> wake<00:35:47.880> of<00:35:48.800> the<00:35:48.960> Trefa<00:35:49.360> banquet<00:35:49.920> or<00:35:51.120> the

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00:36:00.160 --> 00:36:08.600
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00:36:08.600 --> 00:36:16.880
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00:36:16.880 --> 00:36:25.920
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00:36:25.920 --> 00:36:35.120
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00:36:35.120 --> 00:36:43.040
New<00:36:35.589> York,<00:36:36.059> which<00:36:36.528> is<00:36:36.997> a<00:36:37.467> more<00:36:37.936> lower-case<00:36:38.405> C<00:36:38.875> conservative<00:36:39.344> seminary<00:36:39.813> as<00:36:40.283> opposed<00:36:40.752> to<00:36:41.221> Hebrew<00:36:41.691> Union<00:36:42.160> Seminary.

00:36:43.040 --> 00:36:51.880
Now,<00:36:44.040> today,<00:36:44.800> the<00:36:44.920> Jewish<00:36:45.160> Theological<00:36:45.640> Seminary<00:36:46.160> is<00:36:46.400> the<00:36:46.880> flagship<00:36:47.360> institution<00:36:48.200> of<00:36:48.680> capital<00:36:49.160> C<00:36:49.680> conservative<00:36:50.520> Judaism.

00:36:51.880 --> 00:36:55.080
That<00:36:52.360> was<00:36:52.600> not<00:36:52.800> the<00:36:52.920> case<00:36:53.280> at<00:36:53.400> the<00:36:53.520> time.

00:36:55.080 --> 00:37:03.600
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00:37:03.600 --> 00:37:12.280
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00:37:12.280 --> 00:37:18.320
reformer,<00:37:13.680> and<00:37:13.840> there's<00:37:14.040> one<00:37:14.200> who<00:37:14.280> is<00:37:14.400> considered<00:37:14.960> a<00:37:15.080> radical<00:37:16.720> reformer.

00:37:18.320 --> 00:37:26.640
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00:37:26.640 --> 00:37:35.480
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00:37:35.480 --> 00:37:44.440
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00:37:44.440 --> 00:37:53.480
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00:37:53.480 --> 00:37:58.320
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00:37:58.320 --> 00:38:07.320
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00:38:07.320 --> 00:38:16.080
And<00:38:07.480> that's<00:38:07.680> in<00:38:07.800> response<00:38:08.240> to<00:38:08.360> the<00:38:08.440> Pittsburgh<00:38:08.800> Platform,<00:38:09.560> and<00:38:10.040> Rabbi<00:38:11.000> Kohut<00:38:12.040> says<00:38:12.480> in<00:38:12.600> response<00:38:13.040> to<00:38:13.120> the<00:38:13.240> Pittsburgh<00:38:13.840> Platform,<00:38:15.000> "Many<00:38:15.440> priests

00:38:16.080 --> 00:38:21.400
today<00:38:16.640> do<00:38:16.840> not<00:38:17.120> represent<00:38:17.640> the<00:38:17.720> symbol<00:38:18.080> of<00:38:18.200> the<00:38:18.280> Maccabees,<00:38:19.240> which<00:38:19.480> is<00:38:19.680> light<00:38:20.080> and<00:38:20.280> warmth.

00:38:21.400 --> 00:38:25.360
They<00:38:21.520> should<00:38:21.760> not<00:38:22.040> be<00:38:22.200> modern<00:38:22.600> Greeks<00:38:23.160> and<00:38:23.360> hail<00:38:23.760> all<00:38:23.880> that<00:38:24.040> is<00:38:24.200> foreign<00:38:24.520> to<00:38:24.640> them.

00:38:25.360 --> 00:38:29.280
When<00:38:25.600> I<00:38:25.720> hint<00:38:26.080> of<00:38:26.280> foreign<00:38:26.800> elements,<00:38:27.280> I<00:38:27.360> have<00:38:27.560> reference<00:38:27.880> to<00:38:28.000> Sunday<00:38:28.360> services.

00:38:29.280 --> 00:38:37.440
They<00:38:29.440> are<00:38:29.560> an<00:38:29.680> imitation<00:38:30.360> of<00:38:30.480> Christian<00:38:30.840> customs,<00:38:31.720> and<00:38:31.880> while<00:38:32.120> I<00:38:32.240> possess<00:38:32.680> the<00:38:32.840> highest<00:38:33.320> estimation<00:38:33.960> of<00:38:34.080> all<00:38:34.240> religions,<00:38:35.240> it<00:38:35.360> is<00:38:35.480> my<00:38:35.680> aim<00:38:35.960> and<00:38:36.080> purpose<00:38:36.480> to<00:38:36.600> use<00:38:36.840> my<00:38:36.960> strength

00:38:37.440 --> 00:38:41.040
for<00:38:37.560> the<00:38:37.640> preservation<00:38:38.280> of<00:38:38.400> Judaism<00:38:39.040> pure<00:38:39.560> and<00:38:39.760> undefiled.

00:38:41.040 --> 00:38:49.440
And<00:38:41.240> although<00:38:41.720> Judaism<00:38:42.280> advocates<00:38:42.800> the<00:38:42.920> promulgation<00:38:43.640> of<00:38:43.800> lessons<00:38:44.280> on<00:38:44.480> every<00:38:44.840> day,<00:38:45.520> it<00:38:45.640> is<00:38:45.760> against<00:38:46.200> the<00:38:46.320> spirit<00:38:46.720> of<00:38:46.800> Judaism<00:38:47.320> to<00:38:47.480> single<00:38:47.920> out<00:38:48.200> that<00:38:48.600> day<00:38:49.240> which

00:38:49.440 --> 00:38:54.600
strictly<00:38:49.920> belongs<00:38:50.400> to<00:38:50.560> other<00:38:50.800> religions.<00:38:51.760> Let<00:38:52.080> us<00:38:52.320> not<00:38:52.600> be<00:38:52.720> called<00:38:53.160> usurpers.

00:38:54.600 --> 00:39:03.400
[Hm.]<00:38:55.360> And<00:38:55.640> he<00:38:55.800> elucidates<00:38:56.680> a<00:38:56.760> concern<00:38:57.200> that<00:38:57.360> I<00:38:57.440> hadn't<00:38:57.760> really<00:38:57.960> thought<00:38:58.160> about,<00:38:58.440> which<00:38:58.680> is<00:38:59.400> at<00:38:59.680> what<00:38:59.960> point<00:39:00.360> does<00:39:00.600> imitating<00:39:01.240> the<00:39:01.360> Christians<00:39:02.840> beget

00:39:03.400 --> 00:39:08.920
anti-Semitism<00:39:04.600> [Hm.]<00:39:05.240> instead<00:39:06.080> of<00:39:06.680> alleviate<00:39:07.800> anti-Semitism?

00:39:08.920 --> 00:39:15.960
[Hm.]<00:39:09.240> Interesting.<00:39:10.240> Like,<00:39:10.520> at<00:39:10.640> what<00:39:10.800> point<00:39:11.080> do<00:39:11.200> they<00:39:11.400> say,<00:39:12.560> "You<00:39:13.000> guys<00:39:13.640> are<00:39:13.880> not<00:39:14.360> Christians.

00:39:15.960 --> 00:39:18.520
You<00:39:16.360> are<00:39:16.600> the<00:39:16.800> antithesis<00:39:17.720> of<00:39:17.840> Christians.

00:39:18.520 --> 00:39:28.440
You<00:39:18.640> have<00:39:18.840> not<00:39:19.200> accepted<00:39:19.800> Jesus.<00:39:20.920> Stop<00:39:21.302> [snorts]<00:39:21.760> doing<00:39:22.480> what<00:39:22.760> we<00:39:23.000> do<00:39:23.640> and<00:39:23.840> pretending<00:39:25.480> because<00:39:25.960> it<00:39:26.160> demeans<00:39:27.240> Christianity

00:39:28.440 --> 00:39:36.560
to<00:39:28.560> say,<00:39:29.360> 'You<00:39:29.480> can<00:39:29.720> pretend<00:39:31.040> to<00:39:31.160> be<00:39:31.320> a<00:39:31.400> Christian.'"<00:39:32.240> The<00:39:32.560> image<00:39:32.920> that<00:39:33.080> he<00:39:33.280> brings<00:39:33.720> up<00:39:34.240> of<00:39:35.360> the<00:39:35.520> Maccabees<00:39:36.280> and<00:39:36.440> the

00:39:36.560 --> 00:39:45.560
Hellenists<00:39:36.953> is<00:39:37.345> like,<00:39:37.738> I<00:39:38.131> think,<00:39:38.524> I<00:39:38.916> don't<00:39:39.309> know,<00:39:39.702> like<00:39:40.095> one<00:39:40.487> of<00:39:40.880> the<00:39:41.273> fundamental<00:39:41.665> core,<00:39:42.058> you<00:39:42.451> know,<00:39:42.844> questions<00:39:43.236> of<00:39:43.629> like<00:39:44.022> as<00:39:44.415> Judaism<00:39:44.807> evolves,<00:39:45.200> as

00:39:45.560 --> 00:39:53.680
we<00:39:46.200> take<00:39:46.480> on<00:39:46.600> new<00:39:46.720> practices,<00:39:47.400> or<00:39:47.520> as<00:39:47.640> we<00:39:47.760> change<00:39:48.120> things,<00:39:48.440> or<00:39:48.560> as<00:39:48.760> we<00:39:49.440> like<00:39:49.680> adapt<00:39:50.240> to<00:39:50.360> different<00:39:50.680> types<00:39:50.880> of<00:39:51.000> environments,<00:39:51.600> like<00:39:52.160> how<00:39:52.440> far<00:39:52.720> do<00:39:52.880> you<00:39:53.040> go?

00:39:53.680 --> 00:40:02.040
One<00:39:54.400> of<00:39:55.360> the<00:39:55.520> first<00:39:56.000> things<00:39:56.760> that<00:39:57.280> Reform,<00:39:58.320> capital<00:39:58.720> R<00:39:58.880> Reform,<00:39:59.200> Jews<00:39:59.440> change<00:39:59.760> about<00:39:59.960> their<00:40:00.080> practice<00:40:01.440> is<00:40:01.840> they

00:40:02.040 --> 00:40:05.400
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00:40:05.400 --> 00:40:13.600
outside<00:40:06.240> of<00:40:06.400> Israel<00:40:07.160> because<00:40:08.480> it<00:40:08.680> doesn't<00:40:09.000> speak<00:40:09.240> to<00:40:09.360> them<00:40:09.520> practically,<00:40:10.360> which<00:40:10.520> is<00:40:10.640> also<00:40:11.080> a<00:40:11.200> reason<00:40:11.520> why<00:40:11.600> a<00:40:11.640> lot<00:40:11.840> of<00:40:11.880> them<00:40:12.040> drop<00:40:12.320> kashrut<00:40:12.800> because<00:40:13.040> it<00:40:13.160> doesn't<00:40:13.400> speak

00:40:13.600 --> 00:40:22.440
to<00:40:13.680> them<00:40:13.800> practically.<00:40:14.840> [Yeah.]<00:40:15.160> Um,<00:40:15.840> a<00:40:15.960> huge<00:40:16.600> theological<00:40:17.240> underpinning<00:40:18.600> of<00:40:18.880> all<00:40:19.080> of<00:40:19.160> this<00:40:20.000> is<00:40:21.440> that<00:40:21.680> Judaism

00:40:22.440 --> 00:40:29.600
should<00:40:22.680> be<00:40:22.840> about<00:40:23.160> morality<00:40:24.640> and<00:40:24.840> everything<00:40:25.240> that's<00:40:25.480> not<00:40:25.760> really<00:40:26.000> about<00:40:26.240> morality<00:40:27.200> should<00:40:27.520> fall<00:40:27.800> to<00:40:27.920> the<00:40:28.040> wayside.

00:40:29.600 --> 00:40:36.440
Um,<00:40:30.600> which<00:40:31.080> has<00:40:31.320> evolved<00:40:32.400> until<00:40:32.760> today<00:40:33.280> into<00:40:33.960> making<00:40:34.560> Tikkun<00:40:35.120> Olam<00:40:35.880> [Oh,<00:40:36.040> yeah.]

00:40:36.440 --> 00:40:40.840
fixing<00:40:36.720> the<00:40:36.800> world<00:40:37.120> and<00:40:37.240> social<00:40:37.600> justice<00:40:38.080> like<00:40:38.320> the<00:40:38.480> main<00:40:38.840> pillar<00:40:39.400> of<00:40:39.560> Reform<00:40:39.840> Judaism.

00:40:40.840 --> 00:40:45.040
To<00:40:41.040> use<00:40:41.280> a<00:40:41.360> culinary<00:40:42.000> metaphor,<00:40:42.720> like<00:40:43.000> is<00:40:43.200> it<00:40:43.440> watered<00:40:43.840> down<00:40:44.480> Judaism?

00:40:45.040 --> 00:40:54.320
[Oh,<00:40:45.320> yeah.]<00:40:46.440> Or<00:40:46.880> is<00:40:47.160> it<00:40:48.640> a<00:40:48.760> reduction<00:40:50.240> in<00:40:50.400> which<00:40:50.760> only<00:40:51.760> the<00:40:52.560> core<00:40:53.480> flavor

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and<00:40:54.480> the<00:40:54.560> most<00:40:54.880> important<00:40:55.400> element<00:40:56.840> remains.

00:40:58.840 --> 00:41:07.480
Um,<00:40:59.040> and<00:40:59.160> I<00:40:59.200> think<00:40:59.520> that,<00:40:59.880> you<00:40:59.960> know,<00:41:00.720> there<00:41:00.880> are<00:41:01.000> outsiders<00:41:01.680> to<00:41:01.800> Reform<00:41:02.120> Judaism<00:41:02.760> who<00:41:03.240> sometimes<00:41:03.720> castigate<00:41:04.240> it<00:41:04.400> as<00:41:04.600> watered<00:41:04.880> down<00:41:05.600> and<00:41:05.720> then<00:41:05.880> there<00:41:06.120> are<00:41:06.320> advocates

00:41:07.480 --> 00:41:10.320
who<00:41:07.640> say,<00:41:08.520> "No,<00:41:09.280> it's<00:41:09.440> not<00:41:09.680> watered<00:41:09.960> down.

00:41:10.320 --> 00:41:14.360
It<00:41:10.440> has<00:41:10.600> It's<00:41:10.800> distilled<00:41:11.640> to<00:41:11.840> its<00:41:12.640> holiest<00:41:13.440> level."

00:41:14.360 --> 00:41:18.200
And<00:41:14.600> we're<00:41:14.680> going<00:41:14.800> to<00:41:14.960> And<00:41:15.120> that<00:41:15.520> comes<00:41:15.920> out<00:41:16.120> in<00:41:16.240> the<00:41:17.040> [artificial<00:41:17.600> flavoring.]

00:41:18.200 --> 00:41:22.760
This<00:41:18.440> is<00:41:18.560> like<00:41:19.120> authentic,<00:41:20.200> I<00:41:20.240> don't<00:41:20.400> know,<00:41:21.520> chicken<00:41:22.000> stock.

00:41:22.760 --> 00:41:31.000
[It's<00:41:22.880> concentrate.]<00:41:24.680> What's<00:41:24.920> being<00:41:25.200> debated<00:41:25.640> here<00:41:25.920> is<00:41:26.080> like<00:41:26.320> what<00:41:26.520> American<00:41:26.920> Judaism<00:41:27.320> would<00:41:27.480> look<00:41:27.680> like<00:41:28.160> and<00:41:28.840> that<00:41:30.080> now<00:41:30.320> in<00:41:30.440> retrospect<00:41:30.920> we

00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:39.800
can<00:41:31.080> see<00:41:31.360> was<00:41:31.600> hugely<00:41:32.080> consequential<00:41:32.840> because<00:41:33.120> like<00:41:33.320> this<00:41:33.680> is<00:41:34.080> now<00:41:34.520> the<00:41:34.720> center<00:41:35.320> of<00:41:36.240> like<00:41:37.000> what<00:41:37.240> Judaism<00:41:37.720> will<00:41:37.880> evolve<00:41:38.200> into<00:41:38.520> over<00:41:38.760> the<00:41:38.840> next<00:41:39.080> 150

00:41:39.800 --> 00:41:48.440
years.<00:41:40.600> [1,000%.]<00:41:42.840> I<00:41:42.920> just<00:41:43.080> want<00:41:43.240> to<00:41:43.720> tie<00:41:44.000> something<00:41:44.320> back<00:41:44.840> to<00:41:45.120> something<00:41:45.440> we<00:41:45.520> talked<00:41:45.760> about<00:41:46.200> when<00:41:46.320> we<00:41:46.400> talked<00:41:46.640> about<00:41:46.800> religious<00:41:47.200> liberty.

00:41:48.440 --> 00:41:52.120
Um,<00:41:48.880> so<00:41:49.040> I<00:41:49.080> mentioned<00:41:49.600> they<00:41:49.760> dropped<00:41:50.080> the<00:41:50.160> second<00:41:50.520> day<00:41:50.680> of<00:41:50.840> Yom<00:41:51.080> Tov.

00:41:52.120 --> 00:42:00.840
They<00:41:52.320> make<00:41:52.640> certain<00:41:53.000> changes<00:41:54.160> to<00:41:54.640> the<00:41:54.760> liturgy<00:41:55.480> aside<00:41:55.920> from<00:41:56.400> complete<00:41:56.760> linguistic<00:41:57.240> changes<00:41:57.920> um,<00:41:58.840> in<00:41:59.320> removing<00:42:00.040> certain<00:42:00.400> sections

00:42:00.840 --> 00:42:06.640
about<00:42:01.040> the<00:42:01.120> sacrifices<00:42:01.800> in<00:42:01.920> the<00:42:02.000> temple<00:42:02.960> and<00:42:03.200> also<00:42:03.640> removing<00:42:04.160> certain<00:42:04.560> language<00:42:04.880> about<00:42:05.200> chosenness.

00:42:06.640 --> 00:42:15.120
[Mhm.]<00:42:07.080> Um,<00:42:07.520> because<00:42:07.960> and<00:42:08.400> we'll<00:42:08.840> see<00:42:09.280> that<00:42:09.720> also<00:42:10.160> in<00:42:10.600> the<00:42:11.040> Pittsburgh<00:42:11.480> Pittsburgh<00:42:11.920> Platform,<00:42:12.360> which<00:42:12.800> is<00:42:13.240> that<00:42:13.680> we<00:42:14.120> view<00:42:14.560> Judaism<00:42:15.000> as

00:42:15.120 --> 00:42:24.040
the<00:42:15.240> highest<00:42:15.920> level<00:42:16.680> of<00:42:17.200> dedication<00:42:17.800> to<00:42:17.920> God,<00:42:18.280> but<00:42:18.480> we<00:42:18.840> view<00:42:19.160> sort<00:42:19.400> of<00:42:19.640> all<00:42:20.160> levels<00:42:20.520> of<00:42:20.600> dedication<00:42:21.200> to<00:42:21.360> God<00:42:21.760> as<00:42:22.200> important.

00:42:24.040 --> 00:42:33.480
But<00:42:24.320> another<00:42:24.760> thing<00:42:25.080> that<00:42:25.240> has<00:42:25.440> gone<00:42:25.640> back<00:42:25.960> and<00:42:26.120> forth<00:42:26.760> in<00:42:27.520> whether<00:42:27.720> or<00:42:27.800> not<00:42:28.000> it's<00:42:28.160> included<00:42:28.640> in<00:42:28.720> the<00:42:28.800> Reform<00:42:29.160> liturgy,<00:42:29.520> but<00:42:29.760> was<00:42:30.080> taken<00:42:30.560> out<00:42:31.560> in<00:42:31.680> these<00:42:32.000> early<00:42:32.360> Reform

00:42:33.480 --> 00:42:36.840
prayer<00:42:33.680> books<00:42:34.280> is<00:42:34.520> Kol<00:42:34.720> Nidre.<00:42:36.160> [Mhm.]

00:42:36.840 --> 00:42:40.440
And<00:42:37.040> we<00:42:37.160> talked<00:42:37.520> about<00:42:37.800> that<00:42:37.960> with<00:42:38.120> respect<00:42:38.600> to<00:42:39.240> um<00:42:39.440> [Yeah.]

00:42:40.440 --> 00:42:49.000
whether<00:42:40.760> or<00:42:40.840> not<00:42:41.000> Jews<00:42:41.280> can<00:42:41.520> take<00:42:41.800> oaths<00:42:42.520> in<00:42:42.680> court<00:42:43.200> and<00:42:43.360> be<00:42:43.480> believed<00:42:44.120> and<00:42:44.280> how<00:42:45.240> the<00:42:45.320> fact<00:42:45.640> that<00:42:45.760> certain<00:42:46.040> people<00:42:46.320> knew<00:42:46.680> that<00:42:46.880> Jews<00:42:48.480> absolve

00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:54.320
themselves<00:42:49.440> of<00:42:49.560> all<00:42:49.720> of<00:42:49.800> their<00:42:50.040> oaths<00:42:50.520> every<00:42:50.840> Yom<00:42:50.960> Kippur<00:42:51.760> makes<00:42:52.120> them<00:42:52.320> less<00:42:52.560> trustworthy.

00:42:54.320 --> 00:43:03.560
There<00:42:55.000> were<00:42:55.840> factions<00:42:56.520> among<00:42:56.800> the<00:42:56.880> Reform<00:42:57.360> and<00:42:57.480> this<00:42:57.680> played<00:42:58.200> out<00:42:58.560> in<00:42:58.800> their<00:42:59.480> prayer<00:42:59.760> books<00:43:00.480> who<00:43:00.640> said,<00:43:01.360> "We<00:43:01.560> can't<00:43:02.040> do<00:43:02.240> this.

00:43:03.560 --> 00:43:06.440
We<00:43:03.880> are<00:43:04.040> now<00:43:04.440> part<00:43:05.480> of<00:43:05.600> a<00:43:05.680> larger<00:43:06.120> whole.

00:43:06.440 --> 00:43:16.120
We're<00:43:06.560> not<00:43:06.840> only<00:43:07.080> doing<00:43:07.320> business<00:43:07.680> with<00:43:07.800> ourselves.<00:43:08.880> How<00:43:09.120> could<00:43:09.280> we<00:43:09.440> ever<00:43:09.760> possibly<00:43:10.320> be<00:43:10.440> a<00:43:10.520> part<00:43:10.800> of<00:43:10.880> a<00:43:10.920> citizenry<00:43:11.840> or<00:43:12.080> do<00:43:12.280> business<00:43:12.680> with<00:43:12.840> Christians<00:43:14.120> if<00:43:14.320> we<00:43:14.520> upfront

00:43:16.120 --> 00:43:20.400
say<00:43:17.560> we<00:43:17.720> don't<00:43:18.160> stand<00:43:18.640> behind<00:43:19.080> our<00:43:19.200> promises."

00:43:20.400 --> 00:43:27.360
I'm<00:43:20.600> slightly<00:43:21.000> confused<00:43:21.360> by<00:43:21.520> that<00:43:22.240> because<00:43:23.080> I'm<00:43:23.200> sorry,<00:43:23.440> is<00:43:23.560> your<00:43:23.720> issue<00:43:24.000> not<00:43:24.520> fulfilling<00:43:25.400> like<00:43:25.800> commitments<00:43:26.280> that<00:43:26.400> you<00:43:26.520> have<00:43:26.680> made?

00:43:27.360 --> 00:43:29.360
Like<00:43:27.520> you<00:43:27.720> you<00:43:27.800> don't<00:43:28.000> want<00:43:28.120> to<00:43:28.200> like<00:43:28.400> stand<00:43:28.640> behind<00:43:28.920> that?

00:43:29.360 --> 00:43:33.520
You<00:43:29.600> also<00:43:30.040> can<00:43:30.440> still<00:43:30.760> fulfill<00:43:31.160> your<00:43:31.320> commitments<00:43:32.080> and<00:43:32.400> say<00:43:32.640> Kol<00:43:32.880> Nidre.

00:43:33.520 --> 00:43:38.640
Like<00:43:33.760> it's<00:43:34.080> not<00:43:35.200> locking<00:43:35.840> you<00:43:36.040> into<00:43:36.480> being<00:43:36.760> a<00:43:36.840> dishonest<00:43:38.400> [Mhm.]

00:43:38.640 --> 00:43:46.760
business<00:43:39.040> person.<00:43:39.800> But<00:43:39.960> I<00:43:40.000> did<00:43:40.240> think<00:43:40.400> that<00:43:40.560> that<00:43:40.760> was<00:43:40.880> interesting<00:43:41.440> and<00:43:41.600> that<00:43:42.080> something<00:43:42.520> that<00:43:42.760> was<00:43:43.040> used<00:43:43.360> as<00:43:43.520> a<00:43:43.600> charge<00:43:44.000> against<00:43:44.440> Jews<00:43:45.360> in<00:43:45.560> the<00:43:45.680> context<00:43:46.360> of<00:43:46.480> taking

00:43:46.760 --> 00:43:55.040
an<00:43:46.960> oath<00:43:47.160> in<00:43:47.280> court<00:43:48.160> was<00:43:48.600> then<00:43:48.920> used<00:43:50.120> by<00:43:50.800> people<00:43:51.360> instituting<00:43:52.040> reforms<00:43:53.280> to<00:43:53.440> say,<00:43:53.760> "We<00:43:53.960> don't<00:43:54.280> want<00:43:54.560> this<00:43:54.920> to

00:43:55.040 --> 00:44:02.840
be<00:43:55.160> taken<00:43:55.520> against<00:43:56.000> us<00:43:56.320> and<00:43:56.520> we<00:43:56.680> want<00:43:56.960> to<00:43:57.040> be<00:43:57.160> part<00:43:57.400> of<00:43:57.480> the<00:43:57.560> citizenry<00:43:58.280> and<00:43:58.480> the<00:43:58.600> Rotary<00:43:59.000> Club<00:43:59.360> and<00:43:59.480> the<00:43:59.560> business<00:43:59.960> community<00:44:01.040> and<00:44:01.240> therefore<00:44:01.760> we<00:44:01.960> are<00:44:02.040> going<00:44:02.280> to<00:44:02.440> remove

00:44:02.840 --> 00:44:12.280
that<00:44:03.120> from<00:44:03.320> our<00:44:03.440> liturgy<00:44:04.800> because<00:44:05.160> we<00:44:05.280> don't<00:44:05.680> want<00:44:05.880> to<00:44:05.960> be<00:44:06.160> known<00:44:07.160> as<00:44:07.400> a<00:44:07.480> people<00:44:08.120> who<00:44:08.360> don't<00:44:09.000> stand<00:44:09.480> behind<00:44:10.000> their<00:44:11.200> [word.]

00:44:12.280 --> 00:44:20.400
[Mhm.]<00:44:12.960> Let's<00:44:13.360> move<00:44:13.680> to<00:44:13.840> the<00:44:13.920> Pittsburgh<00:44:14.400> Platform,<00:44:15.280> which<00:44:15.840> as<00:44:16.000> I<00:44:16.080> mentioned<00:44:16.840> was<00:44:17.240> elucidated<00:44:18.920> um<00:44:20.040> at<00:44:20.320> a

00:44:20.400 --> 00:44:29.280
conference<00:44:21.360> of<00:44:21.480> the<00:44:21.560> Reform<00:44:21.880> movement<00:44:22.280> in<00:44:22.400> Pittsburgh<00:44:22.880> in<00:44:23.000> 1885,<00:44:23.920> which<00:44:24.440> was<00:44:24.800> technically<00:44:25.480> chaired<00:44:26.000> by<00:44:26.160> Rabbi<00:44:26.520> Isaac<00:44:26.800> Mayer<00:44:27.040> Wise,<00:44:27.520> I<00:44:27.600> think<00:44:27.960> because<00:44:29.000> he

00:44:29.280 --> 00:44:37.800
was<00:44:29.840> the<00:44:31.040> figurehead,<00:44:32.440> but<00:44:32.720> it<00:44:32.840> was<00:44:33.440> convened<00:44:35.320> at<00:44:35.600> the<00:44:36.160> instigation<00:44:37.080> of<00:44:37.560> Rabbi

00:44:37.800 --> 00:44:45.920
Kaufmann<00:44:38.280> Kohler,<00:44:38.880> who<00:44:39.080> I<00:44:39.160> talked<00:44:39.480> about<00:44:39.720> earlier,<00:44:40.120> who<00:44:40.320> was<00:44:41.280> more<00:44:42.320> Reform<00:44:43.320> than<00:44:44.520> Rabbi<00:44:44.840> Kohut.

00:44:45.920 --> 00:44:54.240
[More<00:44:46.200> radical.]<00:44:47.000> More<00:44:47.320> radical.<00:44:48.440> And<00:44:49.440> these<00:44:50.720> were<00:44:51.600> um<00:44:51.680> instituted<00:44:52.400> in<00:44:52.520> 1885,<00:44:53.360> and<00:44:53.480> they<00:44:53.560> remained<00:44:54.120> the

00:44:54.240 --> 00:45:03.240
basic<00:44:55.080> tenets<00:44:55.920> of<00:44:56.600> institutionalized<00:44:57.600> Reform<00:44:57.920> Judaism<00:44:58.560> until<00:44:59.800> another<00:45:00.200> revision<00:45:01.280> in<00:45:01.560> Columbus,<00:45:02.240> Ohio,

00:45:03.240 --> 00:45:08.400
in<00:45:03.400> 1937.<00:45:04.920> Reform<00:45:05.320> Judaism<00:45:05.960> was<00:45:06.520> huge<00:45:07.200> in<00:45:07.280> the<00:45:07.360> Midwest.

00:45:08.400 --> 00:45:12.560
[Mhm.]<00:45:08.960> There<00:45:09.120> are<00:45:09.360> eight<00:45:09.840> tenets,<00:45:10.320> and<00:45:10.440> I'm<00:45:10.520> not<00:45:10.720> going<00:45:10.840> to<00:45:10.880> read<00:45:11.040> through<00:45:11.240> all<00:45:11.440> eight<00:45:11.560> of<00:45:11.640> them.

00:45:12.560 --> 00:45:20.600
I<00:45:12.680> will<00:45:12.880> read<00:45:13.040> the<00:45:13.160> first<00:45:13.480> one<00:45:13.640> because<00:45:13.920> it<00:45:14.200> goes<00:45:14.520> with<00:45:14.680> what<00:45:14.840> we<00:45:15.280> talked<00:45:15.680> about<00:45:15.920> with<00:45:16.080> respect<00:45:16.440> to<00:45:16.720> differing<00:45:17.360> from<00:45:17.680> your<00:45:17.920> co-citizenry,<00:45:19.200> which<00:45:19.440> is<00:45:19.640> we<00:45:19.800> recognize<00:45:20.360> in

00:45:20.600 --> 00:45:28.800
every<00:45:20.920> religion<00:45:21.640> an<00:45:21.760> attempt<00:45:22.160> to<00:45:22.240> grasp<00:45:22.640> the<00:45:22.720> infinite,<00:45:23.560> and<00:45:23.680> in<00:45:23.840> every<00:45:24.160> mode,<00:45:24.600> source,<00:45:24.920> or<00:45:25.040> book<00:45:25.240> of<00:45:25.640> revelation<00:45:26.240> held<00:45:26.520> sacred<00:45:26.920> in<00:45:27.160> any<00:45:27.440> religious<00:45:27.880> system,<00:45:28.680> the

00:45:28.800 --> 00:45:31.800
consciousness<00:45:29.440> of<00:45:29.560> the<00:45:29.680> indwelling<00:45:30.360> of<00:45:30.520> God<00:45:30.800> in<00:45:30.960> man.

00:45:31.800 --> 00:45:39.520
We<00:45:31.920> hold<00:45:32.160> that<00:45:32.360> Judaism<00:45:32.880> presents<00:45:33.320> the<00:45:33.480> highest<00:45:34.240> conception<00:45:35.240> of<00:45:35.360> the<00:45:35.440> God<00:45:35.680> idea<00:45:36.080> as<00:45:36.280> taught<00:45:36.520> in<00:45:36.640> our<00:45:36.760> holy<00:45:37.000> scriptures<00:45:38.000> and<00:45:38.120> developed<00:45:38.520> and<00:45:38.640> spiritualized<00:45:39.280> by<00:45:39.400> the

00:45:39.520 --> 00:45:47.760
Jewish<00:45:39.880> teachers.<00:45:41.400> There's<00:45:41.680> more,<00:45:42.160> but<00:45:42.480> I<00:45:42.520> just<00:45:42.680> wanted<00:45:42.880> to<00:45:42.960> show<00:45:43.160> you<00:45:43.360> how<00:45:44.440> while<00:45:44.720> they<00:45:44.920> do<00:45:45.240> say<00:45:45.800> Judaism<00:45:46.320> is<00:45:46.440> the<00:45:46.560> highest<00:45:46.960> conception<00:45:47.640> of

00:45:47.760 --> 00:45:57.560
the<00:45:47.840> God<00:45:48.080> idea,<00:45:48.760> there<00:45:48.960> is<00:45:49.240> the<00:45:49.400> first<00:45:50.000> sentence<00:45:51.160> of<00:45:51.440> this<00:45:51.760> platform,<00:45:52.360> which<00:45:52.520> is<00:45:52.640> supposed<00:45:53.200> to<00:45:53.360> be<00:45:55.120> the<00:45:55.320> founding<00:45:56.920> canonical

00:45:57.560 --> 00:46:03.880
text<00:45:58.040> of<00:45:58.120> this<00:45:58.360> movement,<00:45:59.280> it's<00:45:59.800> we<00:45:59.960> recognize<00:46:00.480> in<00:46:00.800> every<00:46:01.360> religion<00:46:02.520> an<00:46:02.600> attempt<00:46:02.960> to<00:46:03.040> grasp<00:46:03.360> the<00:46:03.440> infinite.

00:46:03.880 --> 00:46:12.440
I'm<00:46:03.960> sure<00:46:04.200> that<00:46:04.360> people<00:46:04.640> have<00:46:04.960> like<00:46:05.960> dissected<00:46:06.640> this<00:46:06.880> and<00:46:07.000> looked<00:46:07.160> at<00:46:07.240> it<00:46:07.320> but<00:46:07.440> like<00:46:07.800> to<00:46:07.920> me<00:46:08.200> that<00:46:08.480> smacks<00:46:08.960> of<00:46:09.360> this<00:46:09.600> is<00:46:09.800> like<00:46:10.720> the<00:46:10.840> new<00:46:11.120> conception<00:46:11.880> of

00:46:12.440 --> 00:46:17.560
how<00:46:12.800> do<00:46:13.000> we<00:46:13.240> talk<00:46:13.560> about<00:46:14.960> a<00:46:15.000> replacement<00:46:15.640> for<00:46:16.080> a<00:46:16.200> chosenness,<00:46:17.280> right?

00:46:17.560 --> 00:46:19.520
Or<00:46:17.760> like<00:46:17.960> recognition<00:46:18.520> of<00:46:18.680> God,<00:46:19.200> right?

00:46:19.520 --> 00:46:27.320
Like<00:46:19.680> yeah.<00:46:20.200> And<00:46:20.360> I<00:46:20.400> guess<00:46:20.680> that<00:46:20.840> it<00:46:21.000> like<00:46:21.160> they're<00:46:21.320> saying<00:46:21.680> like<00:46:22.200> all<00:46:22.480> religions<00:46:23.000> are<00:46:24.080> an<00:46:24.200> expression<00:46:24.920> of<00:46:25.160> a<00:46:25.240> search<00:46:25.600> for<00:46:25.800> God,<00:46:26.640> right?

00:46:27.320 --> 00:46:36.920
I<00:46:27.600> I<00:46:27.640> don't<00:46:27.880> like<00:46:28.200> I<00:46:28.760> I<00:46:29.440> It's<00:46:29.640> funny<00:46:29.880> to<00:46:29.920> me<00:46:30.040> cuz<00:46:30.160> I'm<00:46:30.280> like<00:46:30.440> I<00:46:30.520> hear<00:46:30.680> that<00:46:30.800> first<00:46:31.040> part<00:46:31.160> and<00:46:31.240> I'm<00:46:31.280> like<00:46:31.440> yeah,<00:46:31.600> I<00:46:31.720> think<00:46:31.920> that's<00:46:32.120> like<00:46:32.840> very<00:46:33.240> much<00:46:33.560> how<00:46:34.840> even<00:46:35.240> Orthodox<00:46:36.280> Jews

00:46:36.920 --> 00:46:44.280
when<00:46:37.080> they're<00:46:37.240> speaking<00:46:37.920> publicly<00:46:38.800> would<00:46:39.080> frame<00:46:39.440> things<00:46:39.840> today<00:46:40.320> of<00:46:40.520> like<00:46:40.720> we<00:46:40.880> recognize<00:46:41.440> the<00:46:41.520> value<00:46:41.840> of<00:46:41.960> like<00:46:42.200> all<00:46:42.400> religions<00:46:42.920> and<00:46:43.000> we<00:46:43.120> see<00:46:43.320> ourselves<00:46:43.760> as<00:46:43.880> like<00:46:44.040> part,

00:46:44.280 --> 00:46:53.040
you<00:46:44.360> know,<00:46:44.920> um<00:46:45.600> but<00:46:45.720> then<00:46:45.880> like<00:46:46.080> the<00:46:46.280> Judaism<00:46:46.800> is<00:46:46.880> the<00:46:47.280> is<00:46:47.440> like<00:46:47.600> the<00:46:47.720> highest<00:46:48.200> I<00:46:48.240> was<00:46:48.360> like<00:46:48.560> woah,<00:46:49.000> I<00:46:49.640> I<00:46:49.760> think<00:46:50.560> like<00:46:51.080> Orthodox<00:46:51.640> Jews<00:46:52.880> in

00:46:53.040 --> 00:46:56.080
very<00:46:53.320> public<00:46:53.640> spheres<00:46:54.200> wouldn't<00:46:54.520> even<00:46:54.760> say<00:46:54.960> that<00:46:55.560> today.

00:46:56.080 --> 00:47:01.840
Right.<00:46:56.480> That's<00:46:56.840> 100%.<00:46:57.600> It's<00:46:57.760> just<00:46:58.240> It's<00:46:58.680> a<00:46:59.280> It's<00:46:59.600> one<00:46:59.880> of<00:47:00.040> the<00:47:00.160> highest<00:47:00.520> conceptions.

00:47:01.840 --> 00:47:10.320
The<00:47:01.960> next<00:47:02.520> are<00:47:03.040> about<00:47:03.480> tikkun<00:47:03.800> olam<00:47:04.280> and<00:47:04.400> social<00:47:04.680> justice,<00:47:05.080> which<00:47:05.280> is<00:47:05.440> one<00:47:05.720> is<00:47:05.920> that<00:47:06.520> Judaism<00:47:07.040> is<00:47:07.320> a<00:47:07.400> progressive<00:47:07.920> religion<00:47:08.400> ever<00:47:08.640> striving<00:47:09.040> to<00:47:09.160> be<00:47:09.240> in<00:47:09.360> accord<00:47:09.680> with

00:47:10.320 --> 00:47:19.200
in<00:47:10.440> accord<00:47:10.800> with<00:47:10.920> the<00:47:11.000> postulates<00:47:11.560> of<00:47:11.760> reason.<00:47:13.280> Christianity<00:47:13.840> and<00:47:14.000> Islam<00:47:14.680> as<00:47:15.040> daughter<00:47:15.560> religions<00:47:16.040> of<00:47:16.160> Judaism<00:47:16.920> aid<00:47:17.400> in<00:47:17.560> spreading<00:47:18.000> the<00:47:18.080> monotheistic<00:47:18.880> moral

00:47:19.200 --> 00:47:27.560
truth<00:47:20.440> and<00:47:20.600> that<00:47:20.800> all<00:47:21.000> of<00:47:21.080> humanity<00:47:21.640> is<00:47:21.800> our<00:47:22.040> ally<00:47:22.520> in<00:47:22.640> the<00:47:22.720> fulfillment<00:47:23.280> of<00:47:23.400> our<00:47:23.520> mission<00:47:24.840> which<00:47:25.040> is<00:47:25.200> to<00:47:25.320> extend<00:47:25.720> the<00:47:25.800> hand<00:47:26.040> of<00:47:26.120> fellowship<00:47:26.680> to<00:47:26.840> all<00:47:27.200> who

00:47:27.560 --> 00:47:34.400
cooperate<00:47:28.240> with<00:47:28.480> us<00:47:28.800> in<00:47:28.960> the<00:47:29.040> establishment<00:47:29.720> of<00:47:29.840> reign<00:47:30.040> of<00:47:30.160> truth<00:47:30.440> and<00:47:30.600> righteousness<00:47:31.160> of<00:47:31.320> all<00:47:31.480> men<00:47:32.240> among<00:47:32.520> men.

00:47:34.400 --> 00:47:38.560
Seven<00:47:36.080> says<00:47:36.400> we<00:47:36.480> don't<00:47:36.640> believe<00:47:36.880> in<00:47:37.000> heaven<00:47:37.200> and<00:47:37.320> hell.

00:47:38.560 --> 00:47:47.400
The<00:47:38.600> soul<00:47:38.960> is<00:47:39.080> immortal<00:47:39.800> but<00:47:39.960> we<00:47:40.080> are<00:47:40.160> not<00:47:41.960> rooted<00:47:42.680> in<00:47:43.120> bodily<00:47:43.560> resurrection<00:47:45.320> or<00:47:46.240> damnation<00:47:47.240> to

00:47:47.400 --> 00:47:54.920
hell.<00:47:47.720> You<00:47:47.760> know<00:47:47.800> what<00:47:47.920> this<00:47:48.120> also<00:47:48.480> reminds<00:47:48.880> me<00:47:49.080> a<00:47:49.200> lot<00:47:49.480> of<00:47:49.680> and<00:47:49.800> it<00:47:49.880> feels<00:47:50.160> like<00:47:50.360> it<00:47:50.600> it<00:47:50.720> must<00:47:51.040> be<00:47:51.200> somewhat<00:47:51.600> intentional<00:47:52.160> the<00:47:52.400> 13<00:47:52.880> principles<00:47:53.480> of<00:47:53.800> faith<00:47:54.480> according

00:47:54.920 --> 00:47:59.720
to<00:47:55.320> Maimonides,<00:47:55.960> right?<00:47:56.120> Like<00:47:56.240> it's<00:47:56.400> like<00:47:57.360> point-by-point<00:47:58.080> rejection<00:47:58.640> of<00:47:58.760> all<00:47:58.960> of<00:47:59.040> these.

00:47:59.720 --> 00:48:08.360
That,<00:48:00.040> and<00:48:00.160> it<00:48:00.240> reminds<00:48:00.600> me<00:48:00.680> of<00:48:00.760> something<00:48:01.040> else<00:48:01.200> which<00:48:01.320> I'm<00:48:01.400> going<00:48:01.520> to<00:48:01.560> get<00:48:01.720> to<00:48:01.840> as<00:48:01.960> soon<00:48:02.200> as<00:48:02.360> I<00:48:02.600> say<00:48:02.800> the<00:48:03.000> eighth<00:48:03.280> one,<00:48:04.000> which<00:48:04.280> is<00:48:05.680> really<00:48:06.200> the<00:48:06.560> the<00:48:06.680> pure,<00:48:07.320> the<00:48:07.400> concentrated

00:48:08.360 --> 00:48:16.280
Tikkun<00:48:08.840> Olam<00:48:09.520> tenant,<00:48:09.880> which<00:48:10.080> is<00:48:10.280> in<00:48:10.480> full<00:48:10.680> accordance<00:48:11.160> with<00:48:11.240> the<00:48:11.320> spirit<00:48:11.880> the<00:48:12.000> spirit<00:48:12.760> of<00:48:12.880> the<00:48:12.960> Mosaic<00:48:13.360> legislation,<00:48:14.480> which<00:48:14.640> strives<00:48:15.120> to<00:48:15.240> regulate<00:48:15.640> the<00:48:15.720> relations

00:48:16.280 --> 00:48:24.960
between<00:48:16.640> rich<00:48:16.840> and<00:48:17.000> poor.<00:48:17.760> We<00:48:17.920> deem<00:48:18.200> it<00:48:18.360> our<00:48:18.480> duty<00:48:18.840> to<00:48:18.960> participate<00:48:19.600> in<00:48:19.680> the<00:48:19.800> great<00:48:20.080> task<00:48:20.480> of<00:48:20.600> modern<00:48:21.000> times,<00:48:21.880> to<00:48:22.080> solve<00:48:22.520> on<00:48:22.640> the<00:48:22.720> basis<00:48:23.120> of<00:48:23.320> justice<00:48:23.840> and<00:48:24.000> righteousness,

00:48:24.960 --> 00:48:31.640
the<00:48:25.080> problems<00:48:25.880> presented<00:48:26.480> by<00:48:26.600> the<00:48:26.720> contrasts<00:48:27.720> and<00:48:27.960> evils<00:48:28.560> of<00:48:28.680> the<00:48:28.800> present<00:48:29.280> organization<00:48:29.920> of<00:48:30.040> society.

00:48:31.640 --> 00:48:39.720
So,<00:48:31.840> we<00:48:31.960> are<00:48:32.080> here<00:48:32.400> to<00:48:32.520> help<00:48:32.760> the<00:48:32.840> poor,<00:48:34.240> to<00:48:34.680> create<00:48:35.080> justice,<00:48:37.080> and<00:48:37.640> what<00:48:37.920> this<00:48:38.280> all<00:48:38.480> says<00:48:38.800> to<00:48:38.920> me,<00:48:39.200> in<00:48:39.320> addition<00:48:39.640> to

00:48:39.720 --> 00:48:48.120
what<00:48:39.840> you<00:48:39.920> were<00:48:40.000> saying<00:48:40.320> about<00:48:40.600> a<00:48:40.640> refutation<00:48:41.280> of<00:48:41.560> the<00:48:41.680> 13<00:48:42.760> um<00:48:43.160> principles<00:48:43.600> of<00:48:43.680> faith,<00:48:44.640> is<00:48:45.120> this<00:48:45.600> is<00:48:46.680> a<00:48:47.240> we<00:48:47.480> hold<00:48:47.840> these

00:48:48.120 --> 00:48:54.280
truths<00:48:48.600> to<00:48:48.720> be<00:48:48.960> self-evident<00:48:51.080> moment<00:48:52.040> for<00:48:52.280> Reform<00:48:52.680> Judaism.

00:48:54.280 --> 00:49:03.680
It<00:48:54.480> is<00:48:55.960> a<00:48:56.120> declaration<00:48:56.840> of<00:48:56.920> independence,<00:48:57.440> and<00:48:57.560> Rabbi<00:48:57.800> Wise<00:48:58.200> actually<00:48:58.560> talks<00:48:58.880> about<00:48:59.160> it<00:48:59.360> as<00:48:59.680> a<00:48:59.800> declaration<00:49:00.400> of<00:49:00.480> independence<00:49:01.560> for<00:49:01.760> Reform<00:49:02.120> Judaism,<00:49:03.440> which

00:49:03.680 --> 00:49:12.800
leads<00:49:04.080> me<00:49:04.200> to<00:49:04.360> my<00:49:04.520> question<00:49:05.120> that<00:49:05.320> I<00:49:05.400> don't<00:49:05.680> think<00:49:05.800> we're<00:49:05.920> going<00:49:06.040> to<00:49:06.080> have<00:49:06.200> time<00:49:06.400> to<00:49:06.520> talk<00:49:06.680> about<00:49:06.920> in<00:49:07.040> full,<00:49:07.920> which<00:49:08.160> is<00:49:09.240> could<00:49:09.680> Reform<00:49:10.120> Judaism,<00:49:12.520> that

00:49:12.800 --> 00:49:21.240
may<00:49:12.960> have<00:49:13.120> started<00:49:13.520> in<00:49:13.640> Germany,<00:49:15.320> could<00:49:15.720> Reform<00:49:16.080> Judaism<00:49:16.680> have<00:49:16.920> flourished<00:49:17.800> the<00:49:17.880> way<00:49:18.040> it<00:49:18.160> has<00:49:18.520> anywhere<00:49:19.040> but<00:49:19.200> the<00:49:19.280> United<00:49:19.640> States<00:49:19.920> of<00:49:20.000> America?

00:49:21.240 --> 00:49:29.760
Yeah.<00:49:21.800> I<00:49:21.920> think<00:49:22.160> no.<00:49:22.520> Of<00:49:22.680> course<00:49:23.280> this<00:49:23.600> took<00:49:23.880> place<00:49:24.400> in<00:49:24.520> America,<00:49:25.080> and<00:49:25.160> of<00:49:25.280> course<00:49:25.640> America<00:49:26.080> then<00:49:26.320> like<00:49:26.880> shifts<00:49:27.280> to<00:49:27.360> become<00:49:28.960> in<00:49:29.160> many<00:49:29.440> ways

00:49:29.760 --> 00:49:38.200
the<00:49:30.120> the<00:49:30.320> center<00:49:30.960> of<00:49:31.280> Jewish<00:49:31.600> practice,<00:49:32.480> at<00:49:32.840> at<00:49:33.000> least<00:49:33.440> until<00:49:34.200> the<00:49:34.680> founding<00:49:35.120> of<00:49:35.200> the<00:49:35.280> State<00:49:35.560> of<00:49:35.680> Israel,<00:49:36.160> and<00:49:36.320> in<00:49:36.440> many<00:49:36.640> ways<00:49:37.080> I<00:49:37.160> think<00:49:37.400> still<00:49:37.760> repre-

00:49:38.200 --> 00:49:46.480
like<00:49:38.480> represents<00:49:39.960> a<00:49:40.600> a<00:49:40.680> very<00:49:41.000> important<00:49:41.440> center<00:49:41.760> of<00:49:41.880> Jewish<00:49:42.160> life<00:49:43.280> because<00:49:45.280> of<00:49:45.520> what<00:49:45.680> is<00:49:45.880> unique<00:49:46.200> about

00:49:46.480 --> 00:49:55.120
this<00:49:46.640> country.<00:49:47.240> There<00:49:47.960> is<00:49:48.640> a<00:49:48.800> a<00:49:48.880> lot<00:49:49.320> of<00:49:50.360> shared<00:49:51.200> similarities<00:49:52.400> between<00:49:52.800> like<00:49:53.240> traditional<00:49:53.680> Jewish<00:49:53.920> ideas<00:49:54.280> and<00:49:54.400> American<00:49:54.720> ideas

00:49:55.120 --> 00:50:00.440
and<00:49:55.520> and<00:49:55.840> America<00:49:56.200> is<00:49:56.280> a<00:49:56.320> great<00:49:56.560> place<00:49:57.000> to<00:49:57.160> be<00:49:57.360> open<00:49:57.760> to<00:49:59.160> this<00:49:59.400> development.

00:50:00.440 --> 00:50:10.640
But<00:50:00.640> it<00:50:00.760> just<00:50:01.040> goes<00:50:01.280> to<00:50:01.400> show<00:50:01.680> you<00:50:02.120> that<00:50:02.280> when<00:50:03.000> you<00:50:03.200> create<00:50:03.640> a<00:50:03.720> pluralistic<00:50:04.400> Judaism<00:50:05.560> or<00:50:05.680> when<00:50:05.880> you<00:50:06.000> create<00:50:06.480> a<00:50:06.560> Judaism<00:50:07.680> that<00:50:08.000> has<00:50:09.120> outside

00:50:10.640 --> 00:50:18.760
influences<00:50:11.560> that<00:50:11.840> aren't<00:50:12.320> strictly<00:50:12.800> coming<00:50:13.240> from<00:50:13.720> the<00:50:13.840> five<00:50:14.200> books<00:50:14.440> of<00:50:14.600> Moses<00:50:15.600> or<00:50:15.760> in<00:50:15.880> some<00:50:16.120> cases<00:50:16.480> the<00:50:16.600> Talmud<00:50:17.120> or<00:50:17.240> in<00:50:17.360> some<00:50:17.600> cases<00:50:18.000> commentaries<00:50:18.640> on

00:50:18.760 --> 00:50:27.840
the<00:50:18.840> Talmud<00:50:19.160> depending<00:50:19.600> on<00:50:19.720> your<00:50:19.960> community<00:50:21.320> there<00:50:21.640> are<00:50:21.840> going<00:50:22.160> to<00:50:22.280> be<00:50:22.400> conflicts<00:50:22.920> that<00:50:23.040> arise<00:50:24.360> and<00:50:25.440> whose<00:50:25.960> voice<00:50:26.840> emerges

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is<00:50:28.040> really<00:50:28.320> important.<00:50:29.920> And<00:50:30.880> the<00:50:31.040> Trefa<00:50:31.440> Banquet<00:50:31.880> brought<00:50:32.200> that<00:50:32.440> out.

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And<00:50:34.280> we<00:50:34.440> don't<00:50:34.840> have<00:50:35.040> time,<00:50:35.520> but<00:50:36.080> if<00:50:36.400> any<00:50:36.600> of<00:50:36.720> you<00:50:36.800> are<00:50:36.960> interested<00:50:37.720> in<00:50:38.160> looking<00:50:38.600> into<00:50:38.920> it,<00:50:39.440> there<00:50:39.600> was<00:50:39.800> something<00:50:40.200> called<00:50:40.480> the<00:50:40.600> Trefa<00:50:41.160> Banquet<00:50:41.840> 2.0

00:50:43.320 --> 00:50:51.520
in<00:50:43.520> San<00:50:43.720> Francisco<00:50:44.360> in<00:50:44.520> 2018<00:50:46.000> that<00:50:47.240> to<00:50:47.520> me<00:50:49.040> did<00:50:49.280> exactly<00:50:49.920> what<00:50:50.160> it<00:50:50.280> said<00:50:50.480> it<00:50:50.600> wasn't<00:50:50.920> going<00:50:51.160> to<00:50:51.280> do.

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It<00:50:51.680> was<00:50:51.840> just<00:50:52.040> designed<00:50:52.720> to<00:50:52.880> celebrate<00:50:53.360> the<00:50:53.480> food<00:50:53.760> culture<00:50:54.240> of<00:50:54.360> the<00:50:54.480> Jewish<00:50:54.720> community<00:50:55.080> in<00:50:55.200> San<00:50:55.400> Francisco<00:50:55.920> which<00:50:56.520> by<00:50:56.760> and<00:50:56.920> large<00:50:57.200> wasn't<00:50:57.480> kosher<00:50:58.720> and<00:50:58.920> therefore<00:50:59.640> as

00:51:00.120 --> 00:51:08.240
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So<00:52:02.240> that<00:52:02.480> is<00:52:02.600> its<00:52:02.760> legacy.<00:52:03.280> Its<00:52:03.480> legacy<00:52:03.840> is<00:52:04.000> not<00:52:04.440> an<00:52:04.560> accident.

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It<00:52:32.320> really<00:52:32.600> helps<00:52:32.960> new<00:52:33.080> listeners<00:52:33.560> find<00:52:33.800> the<00:52:33.880> show.

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Check<00:52:34.920> out<00:52:35.120> unpacked.media<00:52:36.560> for<00:52:36.840> everything<00:52:37.136> [music]<00:52:37.480> Unpacked<00:52:37.960> related<00:52:38.520> and<00:52:38.640> go<00:52:38.760> to<00:52:38.880> Spotify<00:52:39.560> or<00:52:39.800> YouTube<00:52:40.520> to<00:52:40.640> watch<00:52:40.840> our<00:52:40.920> latest<00:52:41.200> videos.

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